Journal of Contemporary Islamic Law
No eISSN: 0127-788X2021 6(2)
15 DECEMBER 2021
Analisis Perbandingan Pandangan Fuqaha mengenai Syarat Ahliyyah dalam Perkahwinan
Comparative Analysis of Fuqaha’s Views on the Conditions of Ahliyyah in Marriage
Nurul Ain Hazram, ainhazram@gmail.com
Jabatan Fiqh dan Usul, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya.
Raihanah Azahari, raihan@um.edu.my
Jabatan Fiqh dan Usul, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya.
Received: 01 September 2021 | Accepted: 11 November 2021 | Published: 15 December 2021
2021, Vol. 6(2), pp. 22-31. | PDF
Syarak menjadikan penghasilan maṣlaḥah dan penolakan mafsadah sebagai objektif utama di sebalik setiap pensyariatan. Dalam urusan muamalat sesama manusia, syarak meletakkan syarat tertentu untuk melayakkan seseorang menjalankan sesuatu urusan sesama mereka bagi mengekalkan maṣlaḥah umum hubungan manusia. Namun berbeza dengan akad perkahwinan, para fuqaha dilihat sedikit longgar dalam meletakkan syarat ahliyyah dalam perkahwinan tidak seperti syarat ahliyyah dalam urusan muamalat. Oleh itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan mengenai pandangan fuqaha dalam meletakkan syarat ahliyyah kepada mereka yang ingin berkahwin, dan mengkaji mengenai hikmah syarak dalam melonggarkan syarat ahliyyah dalam perkahwinan. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah analisis dokumen dengan menganalisis kandungan teks daripada karya fiqh muktabar daripada pelbagai mazhab. Kajian ini tidak tertumpu kepada pandangan tertentu daripada sesuatu mazhab sahaja, malah mengambil kira pandangan fuqaha daripada mazhab yang berbeza bagi menjelaskan dengan lebih terperinci mengenai had umur minimum perkahwinan bagi kanak-kanak dari perspektif syarak secara menyeluruh. Artikel ini menyimpulkan pandangan fuqaha terhadap pensyaratan ahliyyah umur dalam perkahwinan kepada tiga pandangan, iaitu; pandangan majoriti fuqaha yang tidak mensyaratkan umur tertentu sebagai syarat ahliyyah, pandangan fuqaha Mazhab Zahiri yang meletakkan umur baligh sebagai syarat ahliyyah dalam perkahwinan bagi lelaki, dan pandangan fuqaha yang meletakkan syarat ahliyyah umur dalam perkahwinan. Artikel ini merumuskan bahawa kebenaran fuqaha kepada kanak-kanak untuk berkahwin adalah terikat dengan syarat wujudnya maṣlaḥah dan ternafinya mafsadah dan antara hikmah terbesar syarak melonggarkan syarat berkaitan ahliyyah dalam perkahwinan adalah kerana naluri keinginan manusia adalah berbeza bagi setiap individu.
Kata kunci: Perkahwinan Bawah Umur, Ahliyyah, Umur Minimum Perkahwinan, Fiqh Kekeluargaan, Maslahah, Mafsadah
Syarak makes the preservation of maṣlaḥah and the prevention of mafsadah as the main objectives behind every provision. In the matter of muamalat among human beings, Shari’ah lays down certain conditions to qualify a person to make deals among themselves to maintain the general maṣlaḥah of human relationships. However, unlike the marriage contract, the fuqaha are seemed to be a little loose in placing the conditions of ahliyyah in marriage unlike the conditions of ahliyyah in muamalat matters. Therefore, this article aims to explain the views of the jurists in placing the conditions of ahliyyah to those who want to marry and study the wisdom of Islamic law in placing the conditions of ahliyyah in marriage. This study was conducted by using the document analysis method by analyzing the text content and relevant documents from the works of fiqh muktabar from the various schools of fiqh. This study does not focus on specific views from a particular school of fiqh only but also focus on various school of fiqh to explain in detail the minimum age of marriage for children from the perspective of Syarak. This article summarizes the views of the jurists on the requirement of ahliyyah in marriage into three views, namely, the view of the majority of jurists who do not require a certain age as a condition of ahliyyah in marriage, the view of the jurists of Mazhab Zahiri who put puberty as a condition of ahliyyah in marriage for men, and the view of fuqaha who put the condition of certain age as ahliyyah in marriage. This article concludes that the permission of the fuqaha for children to marry is bound by the condition of the existence of maṣlaḥah and the denial of mafsadah and among the greatest wisdoms of shari’ah by not setting the conditions of ahliyyah strictly in marriage is because human’s desire are different for everyone.
Keywords: Underage Marriage, Ahliyyah, Minimum Age of Marriage, Islamic Family Law, Maslahah, Mafsadah
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