 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 42(10)(2013): 1483–1492
Density
and Diversity of Water Birds and Terrestrial Birds in Man-made Marsh, Malaysia
(Ketumpatan dan Kepelbagaian Burung Air dan Burung Daratan di Rawa
Buatan Manusia, Malaysia)
M. Zakaria* & M.N. Rajpar
Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang,
Selangor, Malaysia
Received: 14 April 2013/ Accepted: 12 May 2013
ABSTRACT
Many bird species are highly dependent on natural marsh habitat.
Unfortunately this habitat is rapidly converted to other land uses. Therefore
artificial or man-made marsh habitat may become an important alternative
habitat for marsh dependent bird species. The main objective of this study was
to determine the density and diversity of water and terrestrial birds at man–made
marsh habitat at Putrajaya using distance sampling
point count technique. A total of 20010 bird individuals of 102 species
representing 31.05% water birds and 68.95% terrestrial birds were detected from
March 2009 to June 2010. Density analysis showed that bird density is 0.64 +
0.02 birds ha-1 and range from 0.60 – 0.68 birds ha-1 at 95.0% confidence interval. It was found that terrestrial
birds had higher density 0.74 + 0.02 birds ha-1 than water birds 0.54 + 0.09 birds ha-1. For water bird species, the
highest density was Black-crowned Nightheron; 2.92 +
1.80 birds ha-1 followed by Purple Heron; 1.55 + 0.93 birds ha-1 and Grey Heron; 1.05 + 0.13 birds ha-1. The
lowest density was recorded in Pintail Snipe; 0.08 + 0.03 birds ha-1, Chinese Egret; 0.08 + 0.02 birds ha-1 and Great
Egret; 0.07 + 0.08 birds ha-1, respectively. In terrestrial birds, the highest
bird density was observed in Rock Pigeon 3.91 + 0.97 birds ha-1, followed by
Eurasian Tree Sparrow; 3.72 + 1.03 birds ha-1, House Crow; 3.69 + 0.33 birds ha-1 and Philippine Glossy Starling; 3.38 + 0.53 birds ha-1. The lowest bird density
was recorded in Brown-capped Woodpecker; 0.07 + 0.02 birds ha-1 and
Lesser Coucal; 0.09 + 0.03 birds ha-1. The
result also shows that terrestrial birds had higher species diversity i.e.,
Shannon–Wiener index (N1 = 3.10), species richness i.e., Margalef’s index (R1= 8.23) and species evenness i.e., Pielou’s J index (E = 0.71) as compared with water birds
(N1 = 2.04; R1= 8.23 and E = 0.65). This study indicates that man–made
marsh is a suitable habitat for diverse avian species and thus should be
protected in order to enhance the population of avian species.
Keywords: Density; diversity; marsh; point count; terrestrial
birds; vegetation; water birds
ABSTRAK
Banyak spesies burung adalah sangat bergantung kepada habitat paya semula jadi. Malangnya habitat ini ditukar kepada penggunaan tanah lain secara pesat. Oleh itu, habitat paya tiruan atau buatan manusia di Putrajaya mungkin boleh menjadi habitat alternatif yang penting bagi spesies burung yang bergantung kepada paya. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan kepadatan dan kepelbagaian burung air dan daratan di habitat paya buatan manusia menggunakan teknik kiraan titik melalui pensampelan jarak. Sebanyak 20010 individu daripada 102 spesies burung dengan burung air mewakili 31.05% dan burung daratan mewakili 68.95% telah dikesan dari Mac 2009 hingga Jun 2010. Analisis kepadatan menunjukkan bahawa kepadatan burung ialah 0.64 + 0.02 burung ha-1 dan julat dari 0.60 – 0.68 burung ha-1 pada selang keyakinan 95.0%. Ia telah mendapati bahawa burung daratan mempunyai kepadatan yang lebih tinggi 0.74 + 0.02 burung ha-1 daripada burung air 0.54 +
0.09 burung ha-1. Bagi spesies burung air, kepadatan tertinggi adalah Puchong Kuak; 2.92 + 1.80 burung ha-1 diikuti oleh Bangau Paya; 1.55 + 0.93 burung ha-1 dan Puchong Seriap; 1.05 + 0.13 burung ha-1. Kepadatan terendah yang dicatatkan adalah masing-masing Berkek Ekor Kipas;
0.08 + 0.03 burung ha-1, Bangau Cina; 0.08 + 0.02 burung ha-1 dan Bangau Besar; 0.07 + 0.08 burung ha-1,. Untuk burung daratan, kepadatan burung tertinggi diperhatikan adalah Merpati 3.91 + 0.97 burung ha-1, diikuti oleh Ciak Eurasia; 3.72 + 1.03 burung ha-1, Gagak Rumah; 3.69 + 0.33 burung ha-1 dan Perling Mata Merah;
3.38 + 0.53 burung ha-1. Kepadatan burung terendah yang dicatatkan adalah Belatuk Sunda; 0.07 + 0.02 burung ha-1 dan But-but Kecil; 0.09 + 0.03 burung ha-1. Keputusan itu juga menunjukkan bahawa burung daratan mempunyai kepelbagaian spesies lebih tinggi iaitu Indeks Shannon-Wiener
(N1 = 3.10), kelimpahan spesies indeks Margalef (R1 = 8.23) dan kesamaan spesies indeks Pielou’s J (E = 0.71) berbanding dengan burung air (N1 = 2.04; R1
= 8.23 dan E = 0.65). Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa paya buatan manusia adalah habitat yang sesuai untuk pelbagai spesies burung dan dengan itu perlu dilindungi didalam usaha untuk meningkatkan populasi spesies burung.
Kata kunci: Burung air; burung daratan; kepadatan; kepelbagaian; kiraan titik; paya; vegetasi
REFERENCES
Aynalem, S. & Bekele, A. 2008. Species composition, relative abundance and
distribution of bird fauna of riverine and wetland habitats of Infranz and Yiganda at southern
tip of Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Tropical
Ecology 49(2): 199-209.
Buckland, S.T., Anderson,
D.R., Burnhan, K.P., Lake, J.L., Borchers,
D.L. & Thomas, L. 2004. Advance Distance Sampling; Estimating Abundance of Biological
Populations. London & UK: Campman & Hall.
Buckland, S.T., Marsden, S.J. & Green, R.E.
2008. Estimating bird abundance: Making methods work. Bird Conservation
International 18(S1): 91-108.
Burkert, U., Ginzel,
G., Babenzien, H.D. & Koschel,
R. 2004. The
hydrogeology of a catchment area and an artificially divided dystrophic lake
– consequences for the limnology of Lake Fuchskuhle. Biogeochemistry 71(2): 225-246.
Canterbury, G.E., Martin,
T.E., Petit, D.R., Petit, L.J. & Branford, D.F. 2000. Bird communities and habitat as ecological
indicators of forest condition in regional monitoring. Conservation Biology 14(2):
544-558.
Collazo, J.A., O’Harra, D.A.
& Kelly, C.A. 2002. Accessible habitat for shorebirds: Factors influencing
its availability and conservation implications. Waterbirds 25(Suppl. 2): 13-24.
Colwell, M.A. & Taft, O.W. 2000. Waterbird communities in managed wetlands of varying water
depth. Waterbirds 23: 45-55.
Darnell, T. & Smith, E.H. 2004. Avian use of natural and created salt marsh in Texas, USA. Waterbirds 27(3): 355-361.
Delany, S. & Scott, D.
2006. Waterbird Population
Estimates. 4th ed. Wageningen (Netherlands) Wetlands International.
Elbin, S.B. & Tsipoura,
N.K. 2010. The Harbor Herons Conservation Plan. New York/New Jersey Harbor Region: NY-NJ Harbor Estuary Program.
Erwin, R.M. & Beck, R.A. 2007. Restoration
of waterbird habitats in Chesapeake Bay: Great
expectations or Sisyphus revisited? Waterbirds 30(Sp1): 163-176.
George, T.L. & Zack, S. 2001. Temporal and spatial effects on restoration of habitat for
wildlife. Restoration Ecology 9(3): 272-279.
Gillis, P.L., Mitchell,
R.J., Schwalb, A.N., McNichols,
K.N., Mackie, G.L., Wood, C.M. & Ackerman, J.D. 2008. Sensitivity of the glochidia (larvae) of freshwater mussels to copper: Assessing the effect of water
hardness and dissolved organic carbon on the sensitivity of endangered species. Aquatic Toxicology 88: 137-145.
Githiru, M. & Lens, L. 2006. Demography
of an afrotropical passerine in a highly fragmented
landscape. Animal Conservation 9: 21-27.
Haber, E. 2011. Swamp, Marsh and Bog. Canadian
Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 06-08-2011.
Harrison, C.A. & Kilgo,
J.C. 2004. Short-term breeding bird response to two harvest practices in a
bottomland forest. Wilson Bulletin 116: 314-323.
Hattori, A. & Mae, S. 2001. Habitat use and diversity of waterbirds in a coastal lagoon around Lake Biwa, Japan. Ecological Research 16(3):
543-553.
Henderson, P.A. & Seaby, R.M.H.
2007. Community Analysis Package 4.0. (Pisces
Conservation Ltd, Lymington). URL: http://www.pisces-conservation.com.
Hosteler, M.E. & Main,
M.B. 2001. Florida Monitoring
Program: Transect and Point Count Method for Surveying Birds. University of
Florida, Florida.
Isola, C.R., Colwell, M.A., Taft, O.W. & Safran,
R.J. 2002. Inter specific differences in habitat use of shorebirds and
waterfowl foraging in managed wetlands of California’s San Joaquin Valley. Waterbirds25(Suppl. 2): 196-203.
Jaksic, F. 2004. El Ninõ effects on
avian ecology: Lesson learned from the south-eastern Pacific. Ornitologia Neotropical 15: 61-72.
Kushlan, J.A. 2000. Heron feeding habitat
conservation. In Heron Conservation edited by Kushlan,
J.A. & Hafner, H. San Diego, California, USA:
Academic Press pp. 219-235.
Kushlan, J.A. 2007. Conserving Herons, A Conservation Action
Plan for the Herons of the World. Heron Specialist Group
and Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France. ISBN:
978–2–910368–53–1.
Lagos, N.A., Paolini,
P., Jaramillo, E., Lovengreen, C., Duarte, C. &
Contreras, H. 2008. Environmental
processes, water quality degradation, and decline of waterbird populations in the Rio cruces wetland, Chile. Wetlands 28(4):
938-950.
Lentz-Cipollini,
K.A. & Dunson, W.A. 2006. Abiotic features of seasonal pond habitat and effects on
endangered northeastern Bulrush, Scirpus ancistrochaetusSchuyler, in Central Pennsylvania. Castanea 71: 272-281.
Lepage, D. 2013. Checklist of Birds of
Malaysia; Avibase–Bird Checklists of the World. (Bird Studies Canada; Birdlife International). Retrieved on 14th January, 2013.
Ma, Z., Li, B., Zhao, B., Jing, K.,
Tang, S. & Chen, J. 2004. Are
artificial wetlands good alternatives to natural wetlands for waterbirds? A case study on Chongming Island, China. Biodiversity and
Conservation 13(2): 333-350.
Malaysian Nature Society Bird
Conservation Council (MNS – BCC). 2005. Checklist of the Birds of Malaysia – Conservation Publication No 2.
Retrieved on 15th January, 2013.
Martin, T.E. 2001. Abiotic vs biotic influences on habitat selection of coexisting species: climate change
impact? Ecology 82(1): 175-188.
Masero, J.A. 2003. Assessing alternative anthropogenic habitats
for conserving waterbirds: Salinas as buffer areas
against the impact of natural habitat loss for shorebirds. Biodiversity and Conservation 12(6): 1157-1173.
Meerhoff, M., Mazzeo, N., Moss, B. &
Rodriguez-Gallego, L. 2003. The structuring role of
free-floating versus submerged plants in a subtropical shallow lake. Aquatic
Ecology 37: 377-391.
Meyer, S.W., Badzinski,
S.S., Petrie, S.A. & Ankney, C.D. 2010. Seasonal abundance and species richness of birds in common
reed habitats in Lake Erie. Journal of Wildlife Management 74(7):
1559-1567.
Mitsch, W.J. 2010. Wetland Utilization in the World: Protecting
Sustainable Use. Retrieved on 29th April, 2010.
Nadeau, C.P., Conway, C.J., Smith, B.S. & Lewis, T.E.
2008. Maximizing detection probability of wetland dependent bird during point
count surveys in North-western Florida. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120(3):
513-518.
Norvell, R.E., Howe, F.P. & Parrish, J.R. 2003. A seven year comparison of relative abundance and distance
sampling methods. Auk 120: 1013-1028.
Quinn, F.H. 2002. Secular charges in Great
Lakes water level seasonal cycles. Journal of Great Lakes Research 28(3):
451-465.
Rajpar, M.N. & Zakaria,
M. 2009. Assessment of waterbirds at Paya Indah Wetland
Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. In Proceedings of 8th Annual Symposium on
Sustainability Science and Management, May 3–4, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. pp. 606-612.
Rajpar, M.N. & Zakaria,
M. 2010. Density and
diversity of water birds and terrestrial birds at Paya Indah Wetland Reserve, Selangor Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of
Biological Sciences 10(7): 658-666.
Rajpar, M.N. & Zakaria,
M. 2011. Bird species
abundance and their correlationship with microclimate
and habitat variables at Natural Wetland Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. International
Journal of Zoology 2011: Article ID 758573, 17 pages.
Sim, C.H., Yusoff,
M.K., Shutes, B., Ho, S.C. & Mansor,
M. 2008. Nutrient removal in a pilot and full
scale constructed wetland, Putrajaya City, Malaysia. Journal
of Environmental Management 88(2): 307-317.
Soderstrom, B. & Part, T. 1999. Influence of landscape scale on farmland birds breeding in
semi-natural pastures. Conservation Biology 14(2): 522-533.
Thomas, L., Buckland, S.T., Rexstad, E.A., Laake, J.L.,
Strindberg, S., Hedley, S.L., Bishop, J.R.B., Marques, T.A. & Burnham, K.P.
2010. Distance software: Design and analysis
of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size. Journal of
Applied Ecology 47: 5-14.
Tourenq, C., Bennets, R.E., Kowalski, H., Vialet, E., Licchesi, J.L., Kayser, Y. & Isenmann,
P. 2001. Are rice fields a good alternative to natural marshes for waterbird communities in the Camargue,
Southern France? Biological Conservation 100(3): 335-343.
van Heezik, Y. & Seddon, P.J. 2012. Accounting for delectability when
estimating avian abundance in an urban area. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 36(3):
1-7.
World Bank Report. 2011. Bird Species; Threatened in Malaysia. Retrieved
on 25th April, 2012.
Warnock, N., Page, G.W., Ruhlen, T.D., Nur, N., Takekawa, J.Y. & Hanson, J.T. 2002. Management and conservation of San Francisco Bay salt
ponds: Effects of pond salinity, area, tide, and season on Pacific flyway waterbirds. Waterbirds 25(Suppl.
2): 79-92.
White, C.L. 2003. Habitat value of created
wetlands to waterbirds in golf course landscapes. M.Sc Thesis, University of Florida. URL:
http://gsr.lib.msu.edu-/2000s/2005/050307. pdf (Unpublished).
White, C.L. & Main, M.B. 2005. Waterbird use of created wetlands
in golf-course landscapes. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33: 411-421.
Wilkipedia. 2013. List of Birds of Malaysia. Retrieved on 15th January, 2013 at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ List_of_birds_of_Malaysia.
Wilcox, D.A., Meeker, J.E., Hudson, P.L., Armitage, B.J., Black, M.G. & Uzarski,
D.G. 2002. Hydrologic variability and the application of index of biotic
integrity metrics to wetlands: A Great Lakes evaluation. Wetlands 22(3):
588-615.
Wilson, R.R., Twedt,
D.J. & Elliott, A.B. 2000. Comparison of line transects and point counts for monitoring spring migration
in forested wetland. Journal of Field Ornithology 71(2): 345-355.
Wrona, F., Prowse, T., Reist, J., Hobbie, J., Levesque, L. & Warwick, F. 2006. Climate change effects on aquatic biota, ecosystem structure and function. Ambio 35: 359-369.
Zakaria, M., Rajpar, M.N. & Sajap, S.A.
2009. Species
diversity and feeding guilds of birds in Paya Indah
Wetland Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of
Zoological Research 5(3): 86-100.
*Corresponding author; email: mzakaria@putra.upm.edu.my
|
|||
|
