Sains Malaysiana 42(11)(2013): 1557–1564

Heavy Metal Contamination and Physical Barrier are Main Causal Agents for the Genetic Differentiation of Perna viridisPopulations in Peninsular Malaysia

(Pencemaran Logam Berat dan Penghalang Fizikal Merupakan Penyebab Utama bagi

Perbezaan Genetik Populasi Perna viridisdi Semenanjung Malaysia)

C.K. YAP¹*, W.H. CHENG¹, C.C. ONG¹& S.G. TAN²

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia

²Department of Cell and Molecular Biology

Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia

43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia

Received: 27 July 2012/Accepted: 29 April 2013

ABSTRACT

A total of 19 polymorphic microsatellite loci were used to analyze the levels of genetic variations for six geographical populations of green-lipped Perna viridis collected from the coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia. In addition, the total soft tissues of all mussel populations were determined for heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn). FST values revealed that all the six populations of  P. viridis in Peninsular Malaysia were categorized as showing 'moderate genetic differentiation' according to the classification of Wright (1978). Cluster analysis revealed that three populations which were located in the western part of the Johor Causeway were clustered differently from the other three populations located in the eastern part. Hierarchical F-statistics and cluster analysis indicated that the Johor Causeway which blocked the free flow of the pelagic larvae swimmers of  P. viridis and a distinct effect of heavy metal contamination on the Kg. Pasir Puteh population, were the two main causal agents for the genetic differentiation of the P. viridis populations investigated in this study.

Keywords: Heavy metal contamination; microsatellite markers; Perna viridis

ABSTRAK

Sejumlah 19 lokus mikrosatelit yang berpolimorfik telah digunakan untuk menganalisis tahap variasi genetik bagi enam populasi geografi kupangPerna viridis yang disampel dari persisiran pantai Semenanjung Malaysia. Keseluruhan tisu lembut daripada kesemua populasi juga ditentukan untuk logam berat (Cd, Cu, Pb dan Zn). Nilai FST menunjukkan kesemua enam populasi P. viridisdi Semenanjung Malaysia dikategorikan sebagai 'perbezaan genetik yang sederhana'mengikut klasifikasi Wright (1978). Analisis kluster menunjukkan bahawa tiga populasi yang berada di bahagian barat Tambak Johor telah diklusterkan berasingan daripada tiga lagi populasi yang berada di bahagian timur.F-statistik berhierarki dan analisis kluster menunjukkan bahawa tambak Johor yang menghalang aliran bebas bagi perenang pelagik larva P. viridis dan suatu kesan yang ketara hasil daripada pencemaran logam berat di populasi Kg. Pasir Puteh, merupakan dua penyebab utama bagi perbezaan genetik populasi P. viridis dalam kajian ini.

Kata kunci: Penanda mikrosatelit; pencemaran logam berat; Perna viridis

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*Corresponding author; email: yapckong@hotmail.com