Sains Malaysiana 43(7)(2014): 1053–1059

Genotoxic Effect of Zinc and Cadmium Following Single and Binary Mixture Exposures

in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Using Micronucleus Test

(Kesan Genotoksik Zink dan Cadmium Secara Tunggal dan Campuran Binari dalam Ikan Tilapia

(Oreochromis niloticus) dengan Menggunakan Ujian Mikronukleus)

S.N.N. ABU BAKAR*, A. ASHRIYA, A.S. SHUIB & S.A. RAZAK

Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya

50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Received: 17 May 2013/Accepted: 7 October 2013

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxicity effect of Cd and Zn and their binary mixtures in tilapia fish Oreochromis niloticus using the micronucleus test. Two cytogenetic end points were considered; the frequencies of micronucleated cells and nuclear abnormalities. Fishes were exposed to 4.63 mg/L Cd, 7.50 mg/L Zn and 4.63 mg/L Cd + 7.50 mg/L Zn mixture for the period of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The results showed that the frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in the erythrocyte were significantly increased in all groups of treatments when compared with the control group (0 exposures). In addition, the highest frequencies of micronucleated and nuclear abnormalities were obtained after 48 h exposure in almost all cases (except in the mixture of Cd+Zn) and decreased after 72 and 96 h exposure. Frequencies of micronuclei and erythrocytes with nuclear abnormalities exposed to a mixture of Cd+Zn in O. niloticus were always lower at all-time points (after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h) than that of a single Cd and Zn exposure. Therefore, the study demonstrated that the genotoxic potential of these metal compounds and the simultaneous treatment of Cd and Zn suggest the presence of antagonistic interactions.

Keywords: Binary mixtures; genotoxicity; heavy metals; micronucleus test; Oreochromis niloticus

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini dilakukan untuk menilai kesan genotoksid Cd dan Zn serta campuran binari dua logam berat tersebut ke atas ikan tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Dengan menggunakan ujian mikronukleus, dua jenis kesan sitogenetik ke atas sel darah merah atau eritrosit seperti sel yang mempunyai mikronuklei dan sel yang mempunyai abnormal nuclear telah direkodkan. Ikan telah didedahkan kepada 4.63 mg/L Cd, 7.50 mg/L Zn dan 4.63 mg/L Cd + 7.50 mg/L Zn campuran bagi tempoh 24, 48, 72 dan 96 jam. Keputusan menunjukkan kekerapan mikronuklei dan sel eritrosit yang mempunyai abnormal nuklear telah meningkat dengan ketara dalam kesemua kumpulan rawatan dengan logam berat berbanding kumpulan ikan kawalan. Tambahan lagi, didapati kekerapan sel yang mempunyai mikronuklei yang mempunyai abnormal nuklear menunjukkan jumlah tertinggi selepas 48 jam pendedahan kepada semua kumpulan logam berat (kecuali di dalam kumpulan ikan yang didedahkan kepada campuran Cd+Zn) dan semakin berkurang selepas 72 dan 96 jam. Kehadiran mikronuklei dan sel yang mempunyai abnormal nuklear di dalam kumpulan ikan yang didedahkan kepada campuran Cd+Zn pada setiap masa ujian dilakukan (selepas 24, 48, 72 dan 96 jam) menunjukkan kekerapan yang lebih rendah berbanding dengan kumpulan yang didedahkan kepada Cd atau Zn sahaja. Oleh itu, penemuan ini menunjukkan bahawa logam berat seperti Cd dan Zn berpotensi untuk menghasilkan kesan genotoksid serta pendedahan secara serentak Cd+Zn mencadangkan berlakunya interaksi antagonistik.

Kata kunci: Campuran binari; genotoksid; logam berat; Oreochromis niloticus; ujian mikronukleus

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*Corresponding author; email: nurnadea@gmail.com