Sains Malaysiana 43(8)(2014): 1119–1125

 

Effect of Elevation and Canopy Condition on Morphological Traits and Leaf Fluctuating Asymmetry of a Bamboo, Chimonobambusa utilisin Jinfo Mountain Nature Reserve, Southwest China

(Kesan Ketinggian dan Keadaan Kanopi ke atas Sifat Morfologi dan Asimetri Turun-Naik Daun Buluh, Chimonobambusa utilisdi Gunung Simpan Semula Jadi Jinfo, Barat-daya China)

QING-YU LI1, ZHUO-WEN ZHANG2, JIAN-PING TAO3, JIANG-HUA LIU2, XIAO-HUI YONG2, XUE-FENG MENG2, ZHEN LI2 & YONG-JIAN WANG2*

 

1College of Urban Planning and Environmental Science, Xuchang University

Xuchang 461000, China

 

2College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University

Wuhan 430070, China

 

3Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education)

School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China

 

Received: 27 August 2013/Accepted: 5 November 2013

 

 

ABSTRACT

Due to widespread distribution of dwarf bamboo, Chimonobambusa utilis, in mountain environment, the effects of elevation (low and high) and canopy condition (forest understorey and forest edge) on the clonal morphology and leaf fluctuating asymmetry were investigated in an evergreen broadleaves forest of Jinfo Mountain Nature Reserve. Elevation and canopy condition were significant for all morphological traits of C. utilis (except for effect of elevation on node number under branch). Traits of clonal morphology such as height, basal diameter, height under branch tended to be higher in forest understorey and in high elevation. Forest understorey in high elevation was favour of shooting number. Interaction of elevation and canopy conditions had a significant effect on growth of node. Single leaf area (SLA) and all indices of fluctuating asymmetry were significantly higher in low elevation than that in high elevation of forest understorey. Thus, elevation and canopy condition formed environmental stress that lead to the adaptation of morphological traits and leaf fluctuating asymmetry of C. utilis populations to mountain forest habitats.

 

Keywords: Chimonobambusa utilis; evergreen broadleaves forest; fluctuating asymmetry; morphological traits; specific leaf area

 

ABSTRAK

Disebabkan oleh taburan meluas buluh kerdil, Chimonobambusa utilis dalam persekitaran gunung, kesan ketinggian (rendah dan tinggi) dan keadaan kanopi (hutan bawah kanopi dan tepi hutan) pada morfologi klon dan asimetri turun-naik daun telah dikaji dalam hutan malar hijau daun besar di Gunung Simpan Semula Jadi Jinfo. Ketinggian dan keadaan kanopi adalah penting bagi semua ciri morfologi C. utilis(kecuali kesan ketinggian pada bilangan buku di bawah dahan). Ciri morfologi klon seperti ketinggian, diameter bes, ketinggian di bawah dahan cenderung untuk menjadi lebih tinggi di dalam hutan bawah kanopi dan ketinggian tinggi. Hutan bawah kanopi dalam ketinggian tinggi adalah memihak kepada bilangan pucuk. Interaksi ketinggian dan kanopi keadaan mempunyai kesan yang besar ke atas pertumbuhan buku. Keluasan daun tunggal (SLA) dan semua indeks turun naik ketidakseimbangan adalah lebih tinggi pada ketinggian yang rendah berbanding di ketinggian tinggi bawah kanopi hutan. Oleh itu, ketinggian dan keadaan kanopi membentuk tekanan alam sekitar yang membawa kepada ubahsuaian ciri morfologi dan asimetri turun-naik daun C. utilisbagi populasi habitat hutan gunung.

 

Kata kunci: Chimonobambusa utilis; hutan malar hijau daun besar; keluasan daun khusus; sifat morfologi; turun naik asimetri

REFERENCES

Albarrán-Lara, A.L., Mendoza-Cuenca, L., Valencia-Avalos, S., González-Rodríguez, A. & Oyama, K. 2010. Leaf fluctuating asymmetry increases with hybridization and introgression between Quercus magnoliifoliaand Quercus resinosa(fagaceae) through an altitudinal gradient in Mexico. International Journal of Plant Science 171: 310-322.

Cornelissen, T. & Stiling, P. 2005. Perfect is best: Low leaf fluctuating asymmetry reduces herbivory by leaf miners. Oecologia 142: 46-56.

Cornelissen, T., Stiling, P. & Drake, B. 2004. Elevated CO2 decreases leaf fluctuating asymmetry and herbivory by leaf miners on two oak species. Global Change Biology 10: 27-36.

de Kroon, H. & Hutchings, M. 1995. Morphological plasticity in clonal plants: The foraging concept reconsidered. Journal of Ecology 83: 143-152.

Hagen, S.B., Ims, R.A., Yoccoz, N.G. & Sørlibråten, O. 2008. Fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of elevation stress and distribution limits in Mountain Birch (Betula pubescens). Plant Ecology 195: 157-163.

Henríquez, P., Donoso, D.S. & Grez, A.A. 2009. Population density, sex ratio, body size and fluctuating asymmetry of Ceroglossus chilensis (Carabidae) in the fragmented Maulino forest and surrounding pine plantations. Acta Oecologica 35: 811-818.

Holmgren, M., Scheffer, M. & Huston, M.A. 1997. The interplay of facilitation and competition in plant communities. Ecology 78: 1966-1975.

Li, B., Zhang, M., Zhong, X., Moermond, T., Ran, J.H. & Yang, X.Y. 2013. Factors influencing the natural regeneration of arrow bamboo in giant panda habitat of the north Minshan Mountains, southwestern China. Chinese Science Bulletin 58: 2128-2133.

Osada, N., Takeda, H., Kitajima, K. & Pearcy, R.W. 2003. Functional correlates of leaf demographic response to gap release in saplings of a shade-tolerant tree, Elateriospermum tapos. Oecologia 137: 181-187.

Palmer, R.A. & Strobeck, C. 1986. Fluctuating asymmetry: Measurement, analysis, and patterns. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17: 391-421.

Pluess, A.R. & Stöcklin, J. 2005. The importance of population origin and environment on clonal and sexual reproduction in the alpine plant Geum reptans. Functional Ecology 19: 228-237.

Poorter, H., Niinemets, U., Poorter, L., Wright, I.J. & Villar, R. 2009. Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass area (LMA): A meta-analysis. New Phytologist 182: 565-588.

Suzaki, T., Kume, A. & Ino, Y. 2005. Effects of slope and canopy trees on light conditions and biomass of dwarf bamboo under a coppice canopy. Journal of Forest Research 10: 151-156.

Taylor, A.H., Huang, J.Y. & Zhou, S.Q. 2004. Canopy tree development and undergrowth bamboo dynamics in old-growth Abies–Betula forests in southwestern China: A 12- year study. Forest Ecology and Management 200: 347-360.

Wang, W., Franklin, S.B., Ren, Y. & Ouellette, J.R. 2006. Growth of bamboo Fargesia qinlingensis and regeneration of trees in a mixed hardwood-conifer forest in the Qinling Mountains, China. Forest Ecology and Management 234: 107-115.

Wang, Y.J., Shi, X.P. & Zhong, Z.C. 2013. The relative importance of sexual reproduction and clonal propagation in rhizomatous herb Iris japonica Thunb. from two habitats of Jinyun Mountain, Southwest China. Russian Journal of Ecology 44: 199-206.

Wang, Y.J., Shi, X.P., Peng, Y., Zhong, Z.C. & Tao, J.P. 2012. Effects of fine-scale pattern of dwarf bamboo on understorey species diversity in Abies faxoniana forest, southwest China. Sains Malaysiana 41: 649-657.

Wang, Y.J., Tao, J.P. & Zhong, Z.C. 2009. Factors influencing the distribution and growth of dwarf bamboo, Fargesia nitida, in a subalpine forest in Wolong nature Reserve, southwest China. Ecological Research 24: 1013-1021.

Wei, F.W., Feng, Z.J., Wang, Z.W. & Liu, J.X. 1999. Association between environmental factors and growth of bamboo species Bashania spanostachya, the food of giant and red pandas. Acta Ecologica Sinica 19: 710-714 (in Chinese).

Weppler, T. & Stocklin, J. 2005. Variation of sexual and clonal reproduction in the alpine Geum reptans in contrasting altitudes and successional stages. Basic and Applied Ecology 6: 305-316.

Wilsey, B.J., Haukioja, E., Koricheva, J. & Sulkinoja, M. 1998. Leaf fluctuating asymmetry increases with hybridization and elevation in tree-line birches. Ecology 79: 2092-2099.

Wuytack, T., Wuyts, K., van Dongen, S., Baeten, L., Kardel, F., Verheyen, K. & Samson, R. 2011. The effect of air pollution and other environmental stressors on leaf fluctuating asymmetry and specific leaf area of Salix alba L. Environmental Pollution 159: 2405-2411.

Yu, X.H., Tao, J.P., Li, Y., Wang, Y.J., Xi, Y., Zhang, W.Y. & Zang, R.G. 2006. Ramet population structure of Fargesia nitida (Mitford) Keng f. et Yi in different successional stands of the subalpine coniferous forest in Wolong Nature Reserve. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 48: 1147-1153.


*Corresponding author; email: wangyj@mail.hzau.edu.cn