Sains Malaysiana 45(7)(2016): 1089–1095

Phylogenetic Relationships of Waders (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) in Sarawak Inferred from Cytochrome Oxidase I and Recombinant Activating Gene 1

(Hubungan Filogenetik Burung Laut (Charadriiformers: Scolopacidae) di Sarawak yang Tersimpul daripada Sitokrom Oksidase I dan Rekombinan Gen Pengaktif 1)

NURUL ASHIKEEN AB RAZAK¹*, MUSTAFA ABDUL RAHMAN² & ANDREW ALEK TUEN¹

¹Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

²University College Sabah Foundation, Jalan Sanzac, 88100 Sembulan, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Negeri di Bawah Bayu, Malaysia

Received: 25 November 2014/Accepted: 30 January 2016

ABSTRACT

Family Scolopacidae includes the sandpipers, shanks, snipes, godwits and curlews. Systematic classifications of shorebirds at the higher level have been successfully resolved. Nevertheless, the phylogeny of shorebirds in the familial level is still poorly understood. Thus, this phylogenetic study on Scolopacidae was conducted upon the framework provided by the first sequence-based species-level phylogeny within the shorebirds to determine the phylogenetic relationships among family members of Scolopacidae in West Borneo, Sarawak using combined gene markers, mtDNA Cytochrome Oxidise I (COI) and nucDNA Recombinant Activating Gene 1 (RAG1). A total of 1,342 base pair (bp) were inferred from both COI and RAG1 gene from 45 sequences constituted of 15 species Scolopacidae sampled from Sarawak namely Xenus cinereus, Actitis hypoleucos, Tringa totanus, Tringa glareola, Tringa stagnatilis, Heteroscelus brevipes, Calidris alba, Calidris ruficollis, Calidris ferruginea, Calidris tenuirostris, Calidris alpina, Gallinago stenura, Gallinago megala, Numenius arquata and Numenius phaeopus. The phylogenetic tree was constructed with Charadrius mongulus derived as an outgroup. The Bayesian Inference (BI) tree constructed supported grouping of species into several lineages of Numeniinae, Calidrinae, Scolopacinae and Tringinae. The groupings of species into several lineages correlate with morphological features that contribute to their adaptation and ability of the species to fit to their ecosystems.

Keywords: Cytochrome Oxidase I; phylogenetic; Recombinant Activating Gene 1; waders

ABSTRAK

Famili Scolopacidae merangkumi burung kedidi biasa, burung kedidi kaki merah, burung berkek dan burung kedidi kendi. Pengelasan sistematik burung laut pada peringkat lebih tinggi telah berjaya diselesaikan. Namun, filogeni burung laut pada peringkat famili masih belum difahami. Sehubungan itu, kajian filogenetik ke atas Scolopacidae telah dijalankan mengikut rangka kerja yang diberikan oleh filogeni berasaskan-urutan-pertama aras-spesies dalam kalangan burung laut untuk mengenal pasti hubungan filogenetik dalam kalangan family Scolopacidae di barat Borneo, Sarawak, menggunakan penanda molekul berbeza; mtDNA Siktokrom Oksidase I (COI) dan nucDNA Recombinan Gen Pengaktif 1 (RAG1). Sejumlah 1,342 pasangan asas (bp) diperoleh daripada kedua-dua jenis gen COI dan RAG1 daripada 45 jujukan merangkumi 15 spesies Scolopacidae yang disampel dari Sarawak iaitu Xenus cinereus, Actitis hypoleucos, Tringa totanus, Tringa glareola, Tringa stagnatilis, Heteroscelus brevipes, Calidris alba, Calidris ruficollis, Calidris ferruginea, Calidris tenuirostris, Calidris alpina, Gallinago stenura, Gallinago megala, Numenius arquata dan Numenius phaeopus. Pokok filogenetik telah dibina menggunakan Charadrius mongulus sebagai kumpulan luar. Pokok Bayesian Inference (BI) yang dibina menyokong perkumpulan spesies mengikut keturunan masing-masing iaitu Numeniinae, Calidrinae, Scolopacinae dan Tringinae. Perkumpulan spesies kepada beberapa keturunan berkait rapat dengan ciri morfologi yang telah menyumbang kepada adaptasi dan kebolehan spesies ini menyesuaikan diri dalam ekosistem mereka.

Kata kunci: Burung laut; filogenetik; Rekombinan Gen Pengaktif 1; Sitokrom Oksidase I

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*Corresponding author; email: ekinrazak@gmail.com