Sains Malaysiana 46(5)(2017): 695–702

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4605-03

 

Landmark-based Morphometric and Meristic Variations of Endangered Mrigal Carp, Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch 1795), from Wild and Hatchery Stocks

(Morfometri berasaskan Mercu Tanda dan Variasi Meristik Mrigal Kap, Cirrhinus cirrhosus

(Bloch 1795) Terancam daripada Stok Liar dan Penetasan)

 

DHIMAN GAIN1, MAHFUJ, M.S.2, HUQ, K.A.3, ISLAM, S.S.4,5, MINAR, M.H.6,

GOUTHAM-BHARATHI, M.P.7 & SIMON KUMAR DAS8,9*

 

1Marine Environment and Resources Program, University of the Basque Country, Spain

 

2Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience and Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium

 

3Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh

 

4Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh

 

5Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience and Engineering

Ghent University, Belgium

 

6Department of Fisheries (DoF), Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Bangladesh

 

7Fisheries Science Division, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Post Box No. 181, Garacharma (Post), Port Blair - 744 101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

 

8Marine Science Programme, School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences

Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

9Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

Received: 28 December 2015/Accepted: 31 October 2016

 

 

ABSTRACT

Wild stocks of endangered mrigal carp, Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch 1795), continues to decline rapidly in the Indo-Ganges river basin. With an objective to evaluate its population status, landmark-based morphometric and meristic variations among three different stocks viz., hatchery (Jessore), baor (Gopalganj) and river (Faridpur) in Bangladesh were studied. Significant differences were observed in 10 of the 15 morphometric measurements viz., head length, standard length, fork length, length of base of spinous, pre-orbital length, eye length, post-orbital length, length of upper jaw, height of pelvic fin and barbel length, two of the 8 meristic counts viz., scales above the lateral line and pectoral fin rays and 10 of the 22 truss network measurements viz., 1 to 10, 2 to 3, 2 to 8, 2 to 9, 2 to 10, 3 to 4, 3 to 8, 4 to 5, 4 to 7 and 9 to 10 among the stocks. For morphometric and landmark measurements, the 1st discriminant function (DF) accounted for 58.1% and the 2nd DF accounted for 41.9% of the among-group variability. In discriminant space, the river stock was isolated from the other two stocks. On the other hand, baor and hatchery stocks formed a very compact cluster. A dendrogram based on the hierarchical cluster analysis using morphometric and truss distance data placed the hatchery and baor in one cluster and the river in another cluster and the distance between the river and hatchery populations was the highest. Morphological differences among stocks are expected, because of their geographical isolation and their origin from different ancestors. The baseline information derived from the present study would be useful for genetic studies and in the assessment of environmental impacts on C. cirrhosus populations in Bangladesh.

 

Keywords: Bangladesh; discriminant function analyses; Mrigal; truss morphometry

 

ABSTRAK

Stok mrigal kap liar terancam, Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch 1795) terus menyusut dengan pantas di lembangan sungai Indo-Ganges. Dengan objektif untuk menilai semula status populasi, morfometri berasaskan mercu tanda dan variasi meristik antara tiga stok berbeza seperti, penetasan (Jessore), baor (Gopalganj) dan Sungai (Faridpur) di Bangladesh telah dikaji. Perbezaan ketara diperhatikan dalam 10 daripada 15 pengukuran morfometri seperti panjang kepala, panjang piawai, panjang cabang, panjang pangkal tulang belakang, panjang pra-orbit panjang mata, panjang pasca orbit, panjang rahang atas, ketinggian fin pelvik dan panjang barbel, dua daripada 8 kiraan meristik seperti sisik di atas garis deria dan sinar sirip pektoral serta 10 daripada 22 pengukuran rangkaian kekuda antara stok iaitu 1 hingga 10, 2 hingga 3, 2 hingga 8, 2 hingga 9, 2 hingga 10, 3 hingga 4, 3 hingga 8, 4 hingga 5, 4 hingga 7 dan 9 hingga 10. Bagi pengukuran morfometri dan mercu tanda, fungsi diskriminasi (DF) pertama menyumbang sebanyak 58.1% dan DF kedua menyumbang 41.9% kebolehubahan antara kumpulan. Dalam ruangan diskriminasi, stok sungai dipencilkan daripada dua stok lain. Selain itu, stok baor dan stok penetasan membentuk kelompok yang sangat padat. Dendrogram yang berdasarkan analisis kelompok hierarki menggunakan morfometri dan data jarak kekuda meletakkan penetasan dan baor dalam satu kelompok dan sungai dalam kelompok yang lain serta jarak antara populasi sungai dan penetasan adalah yang tertinggi. Perbezaan morfologi antara stok telah dijangka disebabkan pengasingan geografi serta asal-usul mereka daripada nenek-moyang yang berbeza. Maklumat asas yang diperoleh daripada kajian ini adalah penting untuk kajian genetik dan penilaian kesan alam sekitar terhadap populasi C. cirrhosus di Bangladesh.

 

Kata kunci: Analisis fungsi diskriminasi; Bangladesh; kekuda morfometri; Mrigal

REFERENCES

Begg, G.A. & Waldman, J.R. 1999. An holistic approach to fish stock identification. Fisheries Research 43(1-3): 35-44.

Begum, A., Khan, M.M.R., Nahar, K., Minar, M.H., Sultana, N. & Khan, M.G.Q. 2013. Morphological and genetic variations in wild and hatchery populations of gonia (Labeo gonius, Hamilton) using truss measurement and allozyme markers. International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research 2(2): 204-221.

Biswas, G., Jena, J.K., Singh, S.K., Patmajhi, P. & Muduli, H.K. 2006. Effect of feeding frequency on growth, survival and feed utilization in mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala, and rohu, Labeo rohita, during nursery rearing. Aquaculture 254: 211-218.

Cadrin, S.X. 2000. Advances in morphometric identification of fishery stocks. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 10: 91-112.

Chauhan, T., Lal, K.K., Mohindra, V., Singh, R.K., Punia, P., Gopalakrishnan, A., Sharma, P.C. & Lakra, W.S. 2007. Evaluating genetic differentiation in wild populations of the Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1882): Evidence from allozyme and microsatellite markers. Aquaculture 269: 135-149.

Das, P. & Barat, A. 1990. Fish habitat degradation necessitating conservation. Environmental Series 4: 85-89.

Das, S.P., Bej, D., Swain, S., Mishra, C.K., Sahoo, L., Jena, J., Jayasankar, P. & Das, P. 2014. Population divergence and structure of Cirrhinus mrigala from peninsular rivers of India, revealed by mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and truss morphometric analysis. Mitochondrial DNA 25(2): 157-164.

Elliott, N.G., Haskard, K. & Koslow, J.A. 1995. Morphometric analysis of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) off the continental slope of southern Australia. Journal of Fish Biology 46: 202-220.

FAO. 2009. FishStat. Plus-universal software for fishery statistical time series. Version 2.3. Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service (FIES). Rome, Italy: FAO.

Hossain, M.A.R., Nahiduzzaman, M., Saha, D., Khanam, M.U.H. & Alam, M.S. 2010. Landmark-based morphometric and meristic variations of the endangered carp, Kalibaus Labeo calbasu, from stocks of two isolated rivers, the Jamuna and Halda, and a Hatchery. Zoological Studies 49(4): 556-563.

Hubbs, C.L. & Lagler, K.E. 1958. Fishes of the great lakes region. Bulletin of Cranbrook Institute of Science 26: 1-213.

Jayasankar, P., Thomas, P.C., Paulton, M.P. & Mathew, J. 2004. Morphometric and genetic analyzes of Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) from peninsular India. Asian Fisheries Science 17: 201-215.

Mollah, M.F.A., Yeasmine, S., Hossen, M.B. & Ahammad, A.K.S. 2012. Landmark-based morphometric and meristic variations of Glossogobius giuris in three stocks. Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural University 10(2): 375-384.

Nahar, K., Hossain, M., Begum, A., Sultana, N. & Khan, M.G.Q. 2013. Genetic structure of endangered bata (Labeo bata, Hamilton) inferred from landmark-based morphometric and meristic measurements and allozyme markers. International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Sciences 3(5): 145-160.

Nakamura, T. 2003. Meristic and morphometric variations in fluvial Japanese charr between river systems and among tributaries of a river system. Environmental Biology of Fishes 66: 133-141.

Payne, A.I., Sinha, R., Singh, H.R. & Huq, S. 2004. A review of Ganges basin: Its fish and fisheries. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Management of Large Rivers for Fisheries, Sustaining Livelihoods and Biodiversity in the New Millennium, edited by Welcomme, R. & Petr, T. RAP Publication 2004/16, vol. 1. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO Regional Office for Asia and The Pacific.

Rahi, L. & Shah, S. 2012. Triploidization in rohu × mrigal hybrid and comparison of growth performance of triploid hybrid. Aquaculture Research 43: 1867-1879.

Rahman, M.M., Sharker, M.R., Sumi, K.R., Alam, M.A. & Hossen, M.S. 2014. Landmark-based morphometric and meristic variations of stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) among three isolated stocks, the Old Brahmaputra river and the Tanguar haor and a hatchery. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 1(3): 163-170.

Rema Devi, K.R. & Ali, A. 2011. Cirrhinus cirrhosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011:e. T166531A6230103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN. UK.20111.RLTS.T166531A6230103.en. Accessed on 10 October 2016.

Saha, D., Nahiduzzaman, M., Akter, S., Islam, M.N., Hossain, M.A.R. & Alam, M.S. 2010. Bottleneck in the endangered kalibaus, Labeo calbasu (cyprinidae: cypriniformes) populations in Bangladesh revealed by microsatellite DNA marker analysis. Genes and Genomics 32: 47-53.

Sajina, A.M., Chakraborty, S.K., Jaiswar, A.K., Pazhayamadam, D.G. & Sudheesan, D. 2011. Stock structure analysis of Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus, 1758) along the Indian coast based on truss network analysis. Fisheries Research 108: 100-105.

Sara, M., Favaloro, E. & Mazzola, A. 1999. Comparative morphometrics of sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo Cefti, 1777), reared in different conditions. Aquaculture Research 19: 195-209.

Simonsen, V., Hansen, M.M., Sarder, M.R.I. & Alam, M.S. 2004. High level of hybridization in three species of Indian major carps. NAGA, WorldFish Center Quarterly 27(1 & 2): 65-69.

Thompson, J.D. 1991. Phenotypic plasticity as a component of evolutionary change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6: 246-249.

Turan, C. 2000. Otolith shape and meristic analysis of Herring (Clupea harengus) in the northeast Atlantic. Archive of Fishery and Marine Research 48(3): 283-295.

Tzeng, T.D. 2004. Stock identification of sword prawn Parapenaeopsis hardwickii in the East China Sea and Taiwan Strait inferred by morphometric variation. Fisheries Science 70: 758-764.

Ujjainia, N.C. & Kohli, M.P.S. 2011. Landmark-based morpho-metric analysis for selected species of Indian major carp (Catla catla, Ham. 1822). International Journal of Food Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences 1: 64-74.

 

 

*Corresponding author; email: skdas_maa@yahoo.com

 

 

previous