Sains Malaysiana 47(1)(2018): 35–49

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4701-05

Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater using Date Palm as a Biosorbent: A Comparative Review

(Penyingkiran Logam Berat dari Air Kumbahan menggunakan Kurma sebagai Satu Bahan Bioserap: Satu Kajian Perbandingan)

M. SHAFIQ¹, A.A. ALAZBA^1,2 & M.T. AMIN^1,3*

¹Alamoudi Water Research Chair, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

²Agricultural Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

³Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan

Received: 12 March 2017/Accepted: 26 June 2017

ABSTRACT

The drawbacks associated with activated carbon, mainly cost, have resulted in the continuing search for inexpensive adsorbents easily and abundantly available as waste materials. The current review presents the results of using different forms of date palm (DP) waste as low-cost biosorbents, highlighting effects of contact time, pH, the dose and size of the adsorbent particles, initial metal concentrations and the effects of pre-treatment on the adsorption efficiency of copper (Cu²⁺). The results of studies using the raw DP trunk fiber suggested the equilibrium time was approximately 2 h, with a significantly high removal of Cu²⁺ during the initial 1 h at acidic pH values of 5-6, which indicated the interference of H⁺ ions with metal ions at low pH values. The raw DP trunk fiber was tested with initial particle sizes of 75-251 μm and adsorbent dosages in the range of 0.4-5.0 g L^-1. The best adsorption efficiency was obtained at the smallest particle size and the maximum dosage. The use of different initial Cu²⁺ concentrations resulted in a 10% decrease in removal, but the adsorption capacity was increased three-fold with an initial concentration of 20-100 mg L^-1. A significantly higher removal efficiency of Cu²⁺ was achieved using the modified DP waste than with the raw trunk fiber for all experimental parameters and operational conditions owing to the increased functional groups on the modified adsorbents. The reviewed literature confirmed the efficiency of DP waste for the adsorption of heavy metals, but the use of the raw or even modified DP waste for the large-scale treatment of wastewater is still a concern owing to the cost effectiveness, availability and requirement for DP waste on a massive scale. Further research for physical modifications of the raw DP waste that employs cost-effective techniques, such as using the DP waste in the form of dehydrated carbon and media filters are required.

Keywords: Adsorption; date palm waste; heavy metal; large-scale; wastewater treatment

ABSTRAK

Kelemahan yang dikaitkan dengan karbon, terutamanya kos, telah mengakibatkan pencarian berterusan untuk bahan cerap murah sedia ada dengan banyak sebagai bahan buangan. Kajian ini membentangkan keputusan daripada penggunaan sisa buangan kurma (DP) dalam bentuk yang berbeza sebagai bahan cerap berkos rendah, menonjolkan kesan hubungan masa, pH, dos dan saiz zarah bahan cerap, kepekatan logam pemula dan kesan pra rawatan ke atas kecekapan penjerapan tembaga (Cu²⁺). Keputusan kajian menggunakan serabut batang DP mentah mencadangkan masa keseimbangan adalah kira-kira 2 jam dengan penyingkiran tinggi Cu²⁺ semasa 1 jam pemula pada nilai asid pH 5-6, yang menunjukkan gangguan ion H+ dengan logam ion pada nilai pH rendah. Serabut batang DP mentah diuji dengan saiz zarah pemula daripada 75-251 μm dan dos bahan cerap dalam lingkungan 0.4-5.0 g L^-1. Kecekapan penjerapan terbaik telah diperoleh pada saiz zarah terkecil dan dos maksimum. Penggunaan pemula Cu²⁺ berbeza kepekatan mengakibatkan pengurangan 10% penyingkiran, tetapi keupayaan penjerapan meningkat tiga kali ganda dengan kepekatan pemula 20-100 mg L^-1. Kecekapan penyingkiran yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada Cu²⁺ telah dicapai menggunakan sisa DP terubahsuai berbanding dengan serabut batang mentah untuk semua parameter kajian dan operasi keadaan disebabkan peningkatan kumpulan fungsian pada bahan cerap terubahsuai. Kajian kepustakaan mengesahkan kecekapan sisa kumbahan DP bagi penjerapan logam berat, tetapi penggunaan sisa rawatan mentah atau DP terubahsuai untuk rawatan pada skala besar masih menjadi kebimbangan kepada keberkesanan kos, ketersediaan dan keperluan bagi sisa kumbahan DP pada skala besar-besaran. Kajian lanjutan bagi pengubahsuaian fizikal sisa kumbahan DP yang menggunakan teknik keberkesanan kos seperti menggunakan sisa kumbahan DP dalam bentuk penapis dehidrasi karbon dan media adalah diperlukan.

Kata kunci: Logam berat; penjerapan; rawatan sisa air; sisa kurma; skala besar

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: mtamin@ksu.edu.sa