Sains Malaysiana 47(5)(2018): 961–969

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4705-11

 

Influence of Treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent Sludge on Maize (Zea mays) Growth Performance and Gas Exchange

(Pengaruh Enapcemar Sawit Terawat pada Jagung (Zea mays) untuk Prestasi Pertumbuhan dan Pertukaran Gas)

 

MOHD NIZAR, K.,¹ ISHARUDIN, M.I.,^2* ABD JAMIL, Z.¹ & HAZANDY, A.H.³

 

¹Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Campus Tembila, 22200 Besut, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia

 

²Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

³Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

Received: 22 June 2017/Accepted: 19 December 2017

 

ABSTRACT

The presence of abundant oil palm residues in Malaysia prompted the need to utilize this waste to avoid environmental pollution. This waste was abundant at the oil palm mill and accounted for almost 50% of production. The study was conducted to determine the morphological effect of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) sludge on the maize growth performance and gas exchange. Physicochemical, growth morphology and gas exchange was measured after treated with POME sludge from different treatment pond systems: Mixing, anaerobic, facultative, algae and dumping. The results indicated the pH, C, and CEC of mixing the < anaerobic < facultative < algae < dumping ponds. There was a significant presence of macronutrient (N, Mg, Ca, Fe, S) in the treated POME sludge, contrary to the presence of heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb) elements which were not significantly different in all the treatments and lower than WHO/FAO standard. Root Shoot Ratio (RSR) and Specific Leaf Area (SLA) indicated significant difference in biomass accumulation and yield compared to the control. The gas exchange variable was a significant difference on stomata conductivity (Gs) and transpiration rate (E). However, the POME sludge from the facultative, algae and dumping ponds showed positive correlations between net photosynthesis, stomata conductivity and transpiration rate. Indeed, the increased transpiration rate (E) was correlated with stomata conductance (Gs) after treatment with anaerobic, facultative, algae and dumping ponds. In conclusion, the POME sludge amendment was able to increase the maize biomass and yield.

 

Keywords: Gas exchange; growth performance; POME sludge amendment

 

ABSTRAK

Kehadiran sisa kelapa sawit banyak terdapat di Malaysia mendorong keperluan untuk menggunakan sisa ini untuk mengatasi pencemaran alam sekitar. Sisa yang banyak dihasilkan dari kilang kelapa sawit efluen (POME) enapcemar dan menyumbang hampir 50% daripada pengeluaran. Kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk menentukan kesan morfologi POME kumbahan dan gas pertukaran pada prestasi pertumbuhan jagung. Fizikokimia, morfologi pertumbuhan dan tindak balas pertukaran gas untuk jagung (Zea mays) ditanam dengan campuran tanah dan enapcemar POME daripada sistem rawatan kolam berbeza iaitu (campuran, anaerobik, fakultatif, alga dan lambakan). Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa pH, C, dan CEC pada kolam campuran <anaerobik <fakultatif <alga <lambakan. Terdapat makronutrien iaitu (N, Mg, Ca, Fe, S) dalam enapcemar POME yang dirawat. Bertentangan dengan kehadiran logam berat (Cd, Cu, Ni dan Pb) unsur yang tidak berbeza secara ketara dalam semua rawatan dan lebih rendah daripada piawai WHO/FAO. Nisbah akar pucuk (RSR) dan khusus kawasan daun (SLA) telah menunjukkan perbezaan yang ketara dalam pengumpulan biojisim dan hasil berbanding dengan kawalan. Pertukaran gas parameter tidak jauh berbeza antara rawatan kecuali stomata kekonduksian (Gs) dan kadar transpirasi (E). Walau bagaimanapun, enapcemar POME daripada fakultatif, alga dan lambakan kolam telah menunjukkan korelasi positif antara fotosintesis bersih, stomata kekonduksian dan kadar transpirasi. Malah, peningkatan kadar transpirasi (E) telah dikaitkan dengan stomata kealiran (Gs) selepas dirawat dengan anaerobik, fakultatif, alga dan lambakankolam. Kesimpulannya, enap cemar pindaan POME dapat meningkatkan biojisim dan hasil jagung.

 

Kata kunci: Pertukaran gas; POME enapcemar pindaan; prestasi pertumbuhan

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*Corresponding author; email: imi@upm.edu.my