Sains Malaysiana 47(8)(2018): 1665–1674

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4708-05

 

Chemical Composition of a Mud Volcano LUSI and the Health Risk Involved based on the Air Quality Index that Occurred as a Result of Disastrous Gas Exploration Drilling Activities in Sidoarjo, Indonesia

(Komposisi Kimia daripada Gunung berapi LUSI dan Risiko Kesihatan yang Terlibat Berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Udara Hasil daripada Aktiviti Penggerudian Eksplorasi Gas Bencana di Sidoarjo, Indonesia)

 

DEWI HIDAYATI12., ISMAIL B.S2., SHUHAIMI-OTHMAN M2. & NORELA SULAIMAN2*

 

1Biology Department, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November Surabaya (ITS), Indonesia

 

2School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

Received: 3 July 2017/Accepted: 11 March 2018

 

ABSTRACT

LUSI (Lumpur“mud”-Sidoarjo) is the mud volcanic which was initiated by the failed gas drilling exploration activities carried out near an urban area. The evaluation of the LUSI mud volcanic emission and its dried mud effects on air pollution and human health was carried out from 2011 to 2012. The concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5), hazardous gases (H2S, SO2, NO2), volatile organic compounds (VOC): Including total hydrocarbons (THC)), toluene (C6H5CH3) and benzene (C6H6) as well as heavy metals (Pb, Cr and Cd) were measured following standard methods. The results showed that the average concentration of PM2.5 ranged from 24.0-399.9 μg/m3, H2S: 1.53-2.92 ppm; SO2: 0.021-1.321 ppm and NO2: 0.007-0.076 ppm. The VOC included total hydrocarbons from 0.57-0.96 ppm, toluene 0.33-0.92 ppm and benzene 0.33-0.40 ppm. Furthermore, heavy metal concentrations were as follows: Pb 2.6-37.34 μg/m3; Cr 0.14-12.8 μg/m3 and Cd 0.78-4.16 μg/m3. LUSI contributed to increased air pollution primarily through H2S, SO2 and PM2.5. The Air Quality Index (AQI) of PM2.5 (164-217) and SO2 (235-291) showed that the air quality at the disaster area was 'very unhealthy'. Backward trajectories indicated that the wind direction may have had an impact on the air pollution load.

 

Keywords: Air quality index; heavy metals; VOC; volcano

 

ABSTRAK

LUSI (Lumpur “lumpur” -Sidoarjo) adalah bencana lumpur gunung berapi yang disebabkan oleh kegagalan aktiviti penggerudian gas yang terjadi berhampiran dengan kawasan bandar. Penilaian kesan pelepasan gas gunung berapi LUSI dan lumpur keringnya terhadap pencemaran udara dan kesihatan manusia ini telah dijalankan pada tahun 2011 hingga 2012. Kepekatan zarahan halus (PM2.5), gas berbahaya (H2S, SO2, NO2, VOC: jumlah hidrokarbon (THC)), toluena (C6H5CH3) dan benzena (C6H6) serta logam berat (Pb, Cr and Cd) diukur menggunakan metod piawaian. Keputusan menunjukkan purata kepekatan bagi PM2.5 antara 24.0-399.9 μg/m3, H2S: 1.53-2.92 ppm; SO2: 0.021-1.321 ppm dan NO2: 0.007-0.076 ppm. VOC termasuk jumlah hidrokarbon daripada 0.57-0.96 ppm, toluena 0.33-0.92 ppm dan benzena 0.33-0.40 ppm. Tambahan pula, kepekatan logam berat adalah seperti berikut: Pb 2.6-37.34 μg/m3; Cr 0.14-12.8 μg/m3 dan Cd 0.78-4.16 μg/m3. LUSI menyumbang kepada peningkatan pencemaran udara terutamanya H2S, SO2 dan PM2.5. Merujuk kepada Indeks Kualiti Udara (AQI) PM2.5 (164-217) dan SO2 (235-291) menggambarkan bahawa kualiti udara di kawasan bencana tersebut adalah 'sangat tidak sihat'. Trajektori udara kebelakang menunjukkan arah angin mungkin mempunyai kesan ke atas beban pencemaran udara.

 

Kata kunci: Gunung berapi; indeks kualiti udara; logam berat; VOC

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*Corresponding author; email: vozela@ukm.edu.my

 

 

 

 

 

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