Sains Malaysiana 48(11)(2019): 2343–2353

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4811-06

 

Distribution of Chromium and Gallium in the Total Suspended Solid and Surface Sediments of Sungai Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia

(Taburan Kromium dan Galium di dalam Jumlah Pepejal Terampai dan Permukaan Sedimen di Sungai Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia)

 

MOHAMAD ARIF CHE ABD RAHIM1, ANIRUTH A/L APROI1, XUEFA SHI2, SHENGFA LIU2, MASNI MOHD ALI1, WAN ZUHAIRI WAN YAACOB1 & CHE ABD RAHIM MOHAMED1*

 

1Center of Earth Science and Environment, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

2First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, No.6, Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, China

 

Received: 6 April 2019/Accepted: 15 August 2019

 

ABSTRACT

Concentration level of chromium (Cr) and gallium (Ga) were measured in the total suspended solid (TSS) and surface sediments to investigate its distribution and anthropogenic inputs along Sungai Kelantan. The in-situ water quality parameters, surface sediment and surface water were collected using calibrated portable YSI water quality meter, ponar grab and water sampler, respectively. The concentration range of chromium and gallium in TSS were from 19-111 μg/g and 153-3762 μg/g, respectively, along the river. While in surface sediment, the concentrations ranged from 16-172 μg/g for Cr and 25-82 μg/g for Ga. The high concentration of Ga in TSS and Cr in sediment would suggest that the anthropogenic inputs takes place in the river channel, which is due to human activities such as sand exploration along Sungai Kelantan. In mobilization towards the estuary, Ga was more easily transported in the TSS from upstream to downstream especially during the wet season. Cr was dominant in sediment due to its affinity towards inorganic minerals and easily being scavenged in the water column during burial onto the riverbed sediment. Spatial distribution was prominent as several factors affecting the distribution along the river channel addresses the lighter gallium and dissolution of chromium towards surface sediment while being mobilize further for overall distribution before sinking in the estuarine region.

 

Keywords: Heavy metal; monsoonal season; pollutants; river; sediments

 

ABSTRAK

Aras kepekatan kromium (Cr) dan galium (Ga) telah diukur dalam jumlah pepejal terampai (TSS) dan sedimen permukaan untuk mengkaji taburan dan juga kemasukan sumber antropogenik di sepanjang Sungai Kelantan. Parameter in-situ kualiti air, sedimen permukaan dan air permukaan dikumpul dengan menggunakan YSI meter kualiti air mudah alih yang dikalibrasi, pensampel cekau ponar dan persampel air. Julat kepekatan Cr dan Ga di dalam TSS adalah dari 19-111 μg/g dan 153-3762 μg/g masing-masing, di sepanjang sungai. Manakala di sedimen permukaan pula, julat kepekatan adalah dari 16-172 μg/g untuk Cr dan 25-82 μg/g untuk Ga. Aras kepekatan yang tinggi dalam TSS adalah Ga, manakala Cr dalam sedimen menunjukkan bahawa kemasukan input antropogenik berlaku di dalam aliran sungai yang disebabkan oleh aktiviti manusia seperti penggalian pasir di sepanjang Sungai Kelantan. Bagi mobilisasi ke arah muara, Ga lebih mudah diangkut ke dalam TSS dari hulu ke hilir terutamanya semasa musim hujan. Cr adalah lebih dominan di dalam sedimen akibat keafinan ke arah unsur mineral tak organik dan mudah diskaveng di dalam turus air semasa pengebumian di atas sedimen sungai. Sebaran ruang adalah peranan yang menonjol sebagai salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi taburan di sepanjang aliran sungai dengan mengenal pasti bahawa Ga yang lebih ringan dan pelarutan Cr ke dalam sedimen permukaan ketika mobilisasi mempengaruhi taburan keseluruhan sebelum terbenam di kawasan muara.

 

Kata kunci: Logam berat; musim monsun; pencemar; sedimen; sungai

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*Corresponding author; email: carmohd@ukm.edu.my

 

 

 

 

 

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