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Sains Malaysiana 48(5)(2019): 927–936 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4805-01
Tannery Effluent Induced Morpho-Biochemical Expressions and Chromium Accumulation in
Jatropha curcas L. and Pongamia
pinnata L. (Efluen Kilang Kulit Mengaruh
Pengekspresan Biokimia-Morfologi
dan Pengumpulan
Kromium pada Jatropha curcas L. dan Pongamia pinnata L.) RAFIA ABID*, SEEMA
MAHMOOD, SHAZIA
GHAFFAR, SAMAN
ZAHRA & SIBGHA
NOREEN Institute
of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin
Zakariya University, Multan-60800, Pakistan Received:
28 September 2018/Accepted: 27 March 2019 ABSTRACT The use of effluent from various
industries by agriculture sector in developing countries may
help to mitigate water scarcity and cost of fertilizers but
pose considerable threats to entire ecosystem when heavy metals
enter the food chain. The aim of the present study was to compare
the growth and development of two biofuel tree species Jatropha curcas L. and Pongamia pinnata L. when exposed
to 20 and 40 ml L−1 of
effluent discharged from a local tannery along with tap water
as a control. The physico-chemical
attributes assessed for quality of effluent showed higher values
and significantly higher chromium (Cr) concentration than other
metals. Application of effluent induced profound formation of
malondialdehyde (MDA)
in P. pinnata. With regard
to growth and pigments of plant species, a significant reduction
(p≤0.05) in root length, dry shoot biomass, leaf
area, chlorophylls and carotenoids occurred in P. pinnata
but shoot length, collar diameter and root dry biomass remained
unaffected. Similarly, J. curcas sustained root and shoot growth, dry biomass production,
collar diameter and leaf area. Increased pigment contents were
found at both effluent levels. The roots of P. pinnata
accumulated 6 and 11 times more Cr at 20 and 40 mL L−1,
respectively, than control. While in J. curcas
Cr accumulation was up to 9 folds in shoots at 40 mL L−1.
Thus, the two species exhibited differential potential for Cr
accumulation in their above and below ground tissues. The study
signified the use of contaminated water for irrigation and potential
of the species to act as phytoremediator to alleviate both water scarcity and metal
contamination. Keywords: Biofuel tree species;
chlorophyll pigment; Cr in plant parts; MDA content;
tannery effluent ABSTRAK Penggunaan efluen daripada pelbagai industri dalam sektor pertanian
di negara-negara membangun
boleh mengatasi kekurangan air dan kos untuk baja
tetapi menimbulkan
ancaman kepada seluruh ekosistem apabila logam berat
memasuki rantaian
makanan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk
membandingkan perkembangan
dan pembangunan dua spesies pokok
bahan api
biologi Jatropha
curcas L. dan
Pongamia pinnata L. apabila didedahkan kepada 20 dan 40 mL L−1 efluen yang dilepaskan daripada yang kilang kulit tempatan bersama-sama dengan air paip sebagai kawalan.
Atribut fiziko-kimia
yang dinilai untuk kualiti
efluen menunjukkan
nilai yang lebih tinggi dan kepekatan
kromium (Cr) jauh
lebih tinggi daripada
lain-lain logam. Penggunaan
efluen mengaruh
pembentukan secara mendalam untuk malondialdehid (MDA) pada
P. pinnata. Dengan
mengambil kira pertumbuhan dan pigmen spesies tumbuhan, pengurangan ketara (p≤0.05) pada
panjang akar,
biojisim pucuk kering, keluasan daun, klorofil dan karotenoid berlaku dalam P. pinnata tetapi panjang pucuk, diameter kolar dan biojisim
pucuk kering
kekal tidak terjejas.
Dengan cara
yang sama, J. curcas mengekalkan pertumbuhan
akar dan
pucuk, pengeluaran biojisim kering, diameter kolar dan keluasan
daun. Peningkatan
kandungan pigmen dilihat pada kedua-dua
peringkat efluen.
Akar P. pinnata masing-masing mengumpul
6 dan 11 kali lebih
banyak Cr pada 20 dan 40 mL L−1, daripada kawalan. Manakala pengumpulan Cr dalam pucuk J. curcas adalah sehingga 9 kali ganda pada 40 mL L−1. Oleh itu, kedua-dua
spesies menunjukkan
potensi berbeza dalam pengumpulan Cr untuk tisu asas
atas dan
bawah. Kajian ini
mencadangkan penggunaan
air tercemar untuk
pengairan dan potensi
spesies untuk
bertindak sebagai fitopemulih dalam mengatasi kekurangan air serta pencemaran logam. Kata kunci: Cr pada
bahagian tumbuhan;
efluen kilang kulit;
kandungan MDA; pigmen klorofil; spesies pokok bahan
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