Sains Malaysiana 49(2)(2020): 305-313

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4902-08

Incorporating 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Ionic Liquid into Iota Carrageenan Solid Biopolymer Electrolyte for Electrochemical Devices Application

(Pencampuran Cecair Ionik 1-butil-3-metilimidazolium Klorida ke dalam Elektrolit Biopolimer Pepejal Iota Karagenan bagi Aplikasi Peranti Elektrokimia)

NUR AZLINA ABDUL GHANI¹, FARAH HANNAN ANUAR¹, AZIZAN AHMAD¹, NADHRATUN NAIIM MOBARAK¹, INTAN JULIANA SHAMSUDIN², MARIAH ZULIANA DZULKIPLI¹ & NUR HASYAREEDA HASSAN¹*

¹Centre for Advance Material and Renewable Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Chemistry Department, Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Received: 5 December 2018/Accepted: 27 October 2019

ABSTRACT

Solid biopolymer electrolyte based on iota carrageenan and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [Bmim]Cl were successfully prepared by solution casting technique. Weight percentage (wt. %) of [Bmim]Cl was varied from 0 wt. % to 100 wt. % and the highest ionic conductivity achieved was 2.70 × 10^-3 S cm^-1 for 70 wt. % [Bmim]Cl at ambient temperature. The interaction between iota carrageenan and [Bmim]Cl was confirmed by the formation of new peak on the ATR-FTIR spectrum. The reduction in crystallinity of iota carrageenan as the inclusion of [Bmim]Cl was observed based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. FESEM morphology showed the compatibility and homogeneity between iota carrageenan and [Bmim]Cl while the LSV analysis showed that solid biopolymer electrolyte-based iota carrageenan-[Bmim]Cl possess high electrochemical stability up to 3.0 V. The transference number (TN) analysis indicated that ions are the main contributor for the ionic conduction.

Keywords: Iota carrageenan; ionic conductivity; ionic liquid; solid polymer electrolyte

ABSTRAK

Elektrolit biopolimer pepejal berasaskan iota karagenan dan 1-butil-3-metilimidazolium klorida, [Bmim]Cl berjaya dihasilkan melalui teknik pengacuan larutan. Peratus berat (% bt.) [Bmim]Cl divariasikan daripada 0 % bt.  sehingga 100 % bt. dan kekonduksian ionik tertinggi adalah 2.70 × 10^-3 S cm^-1 bagi 70 % bt. [Bmim]Cl pada suhu ambien. Interaksi antara iota karagenan dan [Bmim]Cl disahkan dengan pembentukan puncak baru pada spektrum ATR-FTIR. Pengurangan dalam penghabluran karagenan apabila [Bmim]Cl dimasukkan diperhatikan berdasarkan spektroskopi belauan sinar-X (XRD). Morfologi FESEM memperlihatkan keserasian dan kehomogenan antara iota karagenan dengan [Bmim]Cl manakala analisis LSV menunjukkan bahawa elektrolit biopolimer pepejal berasaskan iota karagenan-[Bmim]Cl mempunyai kestabilan elektrokimia yang tinggi sehingga 3.0V. Analisis nombor pemindahan (TN) membuktikan bahawa ion adalah penyumbang utama bagi pengkonduksian ionik.

Kata kunci: Cecair ionik; elektrolit biopolimer pepejal; iota karagenan; konduksian ionic

REFERENCES

Agrawal, R.C. & Pandey, G.P. 2008. Solid polymer electrolytes: Materials designing and all-solid-state battery applications: An overview. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 41(22): 223001.

Anderson, J.L., Armstrong, D.W. & Wei, G.T. 2006. Ionic liquids in analytical chemistry. Analytical Chemistry 78(9): 2892-2902.

Armand, M., Endres, F., MacFarlane, D.R., Ohno, H. & Scrosati, B. 2009. Ionic-liquid materials for the electrochemical challenges of the future. Nature Materials 8(8): 621-629.

Avent, A.G., Chaloner, P.A., Day, M.P., Seddon, K.R. & Welton, T. 1994. Evidence for hydrogen bonding in solutions of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium halides, and its implications for room-temperature halogenoaluminate (III) ionic liquids. Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions 23: 3405-3413.

Arof, A.K., Shuhaimi, N.E.A., Alias, N.A., Kufian, M.Z. & Majid, S.R. 2010. Application of chitosan/iota-carrageenan polymer electrolytes in electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC). Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 14(12): 2145-2152.

Borderías, A.J., Sánchez-Alonso, I. & Pérez-Mateos, M. 2005. New applications of fibres in foods: Addition to fishery products. Trends in Food Science & Technology 16(10): 458-465.

Bešter-Rogač, M., Stoppa, A., Hunger, J., Hefter, G. & Buchner, R. 2011. Association of ionic liquids in solution: A combined dielectric and conductivity study of [bmim][Cl] in water and in acetonitrile. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 13(39): 17588-17598.

Campo, V.L., Kawano, D.F., da Silva Jr., D.B. & Carvalho, I. 2009. Carrageenans: Biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis-A review. Carbohydrate Polymers 77(2): 167-180.

Cláudio, A.F.M., Swift, L., Hallett, J.P., Welton, T., Coutinho, J.A. & Freire, M.G. 2014. Extended scale for the hydrogen-bond basicity of ionic liquids. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 16(14): 6593-6601.

Coggins, C., Blanchard, K., Alvarez, F., Brache, V., Weisberg, E., Kilmarx, P.H., Lacarra, M., Massai, R., Mishell, D., Salvatierra, A. & Witwatwongwana, P. 2000. Preliminary safety and acceptability of a carrageenan gel for possible use as a vaginal microbicide. Sexually Transmitted Infections 76(6): 480-483.

Ghani, N.A.A., Othaman, R., Ahmad, A., Anuar, F.H. & Hassan, N.H. 2018. Impact of purification on iota carrageenan as solid polymer electrolyte. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 12(3): 370-376.

Giridhar, P., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G. & Rao, P.V. 2007. Electrochemical behavior of uranium (VI) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and thermal characterization of uranium oxide deposit. Electrochimica Acta 52(9): 3006-3012.

Jumaah, F.N., Mobarak, N.N., Ahmad, A., Ghani, M.A. & Rahman, M.Y. 2015. Derivative of iota-carrageenan as solid polymer electrolyte. Ionics 21(5): 1311-1320.

Jumaah, F.N., Mobaraka, N.N., Ahmad, A. & Ramli, N. 2013. Characterization of ɽ-carrageenan and its derivative based green polymer electrolytes. AIP Conference Proceedings 1571(1): 768-774.

Jayakumar, M., Venkatesan, K.A. & Srinivasan, T.G. 2007. Electrochemical behavior of fission palladium in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Electrochimica Acta 52(24): 7121-7127.

Liu, Z., Wang, H., Li, Z., Lu, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, S. & Liu Zhou, K. 2011. Characterization of the regenerated cellulose films in ionic liquids and rheological properties of the solutions. Materials Chemistry and Physics 128(1-2): 220-227.

Liew, C.W., Ramesh, S. & Arof, A.K. 2014. A novel approach on ionic liquid-based poly (vinyl alcohol) proton conductive polymer electrolytes for fuel cell applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39(6): 2917-2928.

Mobarak, N.N., Jumaah, F.N., Ghani, M.A., Abdullah, M.P. & Ahmad, A. 2015. Carboxymethyl carrageenan-based biopolymer electrolytes. Electrochimica Acta 175: 224-231.

Mobarak, N.N., Ramli, N., Ahmad, A. & Rahman, M.Y.A. 2012. Chemical interaction and conductivity of carboxymethyl κ-carrageenan based green polymer electrolyte. Solid State Ionics 224: 51-57.

Moniha, V., Alagar, M., Selvasekarapandian, S., Sundaresan, B. & Boopathi, G. 2018. Conductive bio-polymer electrolyte iota-carrageenan with ammonium nitrate for application in electrochemical devices. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 481: 424-434.

Ng, L.S. & Mohamad, A.A. 2006. Protonic battery based on a plasticized chitosan-NH4NO3 solid polymer electrolyte. Journal of Power Sources 163(1): 382-385.

Osman, Z. & Arof, A.K. 2003. FTIR studies of chitosan acetate-based polymer electrolytes. Electrochimica Acta 48(8): 993-999.

Paula, G.A., Benevides, N.M., Cunha, A.P., de Oliveira, A.V., Pinto, A.M., Morais, J.P.S. & Azeredo, H.M. 2015. Development and characterization of edible films from mixtures of κ-carrageenan, ι-carrageenan, and alginate. Food Hydrocolloids 47: 140-145.

Rani, M.S.A., Hassan, N.H., Ahmad, A., Kaddami, H. & Mohamed, N.S. 2016. Investigation of biosourced carboxymethyl cellulose-ionic liquid polymer electrolytes for potential application in electrochemical devices. Ionics 22(10): 1855-1864.

Shamsudin, I.J., Ahmad, A., Hassan, N.H. & Kaddami, H. 2015a. Biopolymer electrolytes based on carboxymethyl ҡ-carrageenan and imidazolium ionic liquid. Ionics 22(6): 841-851.

Shamsudin, I.J., Ahmad, A., Hassan, N.H. & Kaddami, H. 2015b. Bifunctional ionic liquid in conductive biopolymer based on chitosan for electrochemical devices application. Solid State Ionics 278: 11-19.

Shamsudin, I.J., Ahmad, A. & Hassan, N.H. 2014. Green polymer electrolytes based on chitosan and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. AIP Conference Proceedings 1614(1): 393-398.

Sun, P. & Armstrong, D.W. 2010. Ionic liquids in analytical chemistry. Analytica Chimica Acta 661(1): 1-16.

Tanner, K.E., Draper, P.R., Getz, J.J., Burnett, S.W. & Youngblood, E. 2002. RP Scherer Technologies Inc. Film forming compositions comprising modified starches and iota-carrageenan and methods for manufacturing soft capsules using same. U.S. Patent.

Vila, J., Varela, L.M. & Cabeza, O. 2007. Cation and anion sizes influence in the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity in nine imidazolium based ionic liquids. Electrochimica Acta 52(26): 7413-7417.

Woo, H.J., Majid, S.R. & Arof, A.K. 2011. Conduction and thermal properties of a proton conducting polymer electrolyte based on poly (ε-caprolactone). Solid State Ionics 199: 14-20.

*Corresponding author; email: syareeda@ukm.edu.my