Sains Malaysiana 49(5)(2020): 1045-1054

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4905-09

Inhibition of the Chemiluminescence and Chemotactic Activity of Phagocytes for Selected Ficus Species Extract and Their Lipoxygenase and Xanthine Oxidase Enzyme Inhibitory

(Perencatan Aktiviti Kemiluminesens dan Kemotaktik Fagosit oleh Ekstrak Spesies Ficus Terpilih dan Kesan Perencatan terhadap Enzim Lipoksigenase dan Xantina Oksidase)

SHUKRANUL MAWA¹, IBRAHIM JANTAN², FADZUREENA JAMALUDDIN³ & KHAIRANA HUSAIN¹*

¹Drug & Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

²School of Pharmacy, Taylor’s University, Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

³Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Received: 10 May 2019/Accepted: 28 January 2020

ABSTRACT

The effects of crude methanol from seven Ficus species on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated using luminol based chemiluminescence assay and their inhibition of PMNs chemotaxis was investigated using Boyden chamber technique. Crude methanol of F. aurantiaca, F. parietalis, and F. annulata showed strong activity against PMN chemotaxis with IC₅₀ values of 1.4, 0.3 and 2.2 µg/mL, respectively, while crude methanol from F. aurantiaca and F. parietalis on whole blood and ROS production of PMNs exhibited high inhibitory activity for luminol enhanced chemiluminescence with IC₅₀ values of 1.4, 0.9, and 1.0, 0.4 µg/mL, respectively. In xanthine oxidase inhibition assay, crude methanol from F. aurantiaca (stem), F. parietalis (stem), and F. annulata (leaf) exhibited greater than 92% inhibition at concentration of 100 µg/mL (with IC₅₀ values of 0.9, 1.0 and 8.9 µg/mL, respectively) while some extracts of other species showed more than 60% inhibitions at this concentration. In soybean lipoxygenase (SBL) assay, the methanolic extracts of these 3 species showed potent SBL inhibition with IC₅₀ values of 0.3, 0.7, and 6.3 µg/mL, respectively. The overall results suggest that F. parietalis, F. annulata, and F. aurantiaca might be a prospective source of anti-inflammatory mediators and as a source of new immunomodulatory agents.

Keywords: Chemiluminescence; chemotaxis; medicinal plants; soybean lipoxygenase enzyme; xanthine oxidase

ABSTRAK

Kesan ekstrak mentah metanol terhadap tujuh spesies Ficus ke atas penghasilan spesies oksigen teraktif (ROS) telah dinilai dengan menggunakan assai kemiluminesens yang berasaskan luminol dan perencatan PMN kemotaxis pula menggunakan teknik kebuk Boyden. Ekstrak mentah metanol F. aurantiaca, F. parietalis dan F. annulata menunjukkan aktiviti yang kuat terhadap PMN kemotaxis dengan nilai masing-masing IC₅₀ 1.4, 0.3 dan 2.2 μg/mL, manakala ekstrak mentah metanol daripada F. aurantiaca dan F. parietalis terhadap keseluruhan darah dan penghasilan ROS ke atas PMN pula menunjukkan kesan perencatan yang tinggi terhadap kemiluminesens bagi luminol dengan nilai masing-masing IC₅₀ 1.4, 0.9 dan 1.0, 0.4 μg/mL. Ekstrak mentah metanol F. aurantiaca (batang), F. parietalis (batang) dan F. annulata (daun) dalam asai xantina oksidase menunjukkan perencatan lebih tinggi daripada 92% pada kepekatan 100 μg/mL (IC₅₀ 0.9, 1.0 dan 8.9 μg/mL, masing-masing) manakala sebahagian ekstrak spesies lain pula menunjukkan perencatan yang lebih tinggi daripada 60% pada kepekatan tersebut. Asai lipoksigenase soya (SBL) pula, ekstrak mentah metanol daripada ketiga-tiga spesies ini menunjukkan perencatan SBL yang kuat dengan nilai masing-masing IC₅₀ 0.3, 0.7 dan 6.3 μg/mL. Hasil kajian ini mencadangkan bahawa ekstrak mentah metanol daripada F. parietalis, F. annulata dan F. aurantiaca berkemungkinan dapat dibangunkan sebagai sumber perantara anti-inflamasi dan agen imunomodulasi yang baru.

Kata kunci: Enzim lipoksigenase soya; kemiluminesens; kemotaxis; tumbuhan ubatan;  xantina oksidase

REFERENCES

Burkill, I.H. 1966. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives.

Chen, X.L.,  Deng, Z.T., Huang, X.Y., Geng, Changan. & Chen, J.J. 2018. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with xanthine oxidase inhibition profiling for identifying the bioactive constituents from Cistanche deserticola. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 430: 1-7.

Cheng, J., Zhang, B., Zhu, W., Zhang, C., Qin, Y., Abe, M., Akihisa, T., Liu, W., Feng, F. & Zhang, J. 2019. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus hispida L.f.: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 248: 112204.

Hiyoshi, H., Wangdi, T., Lock, G., Saechao, C., Raffatellu, M., Cobb, B.A. & Bäumler, A.J. 2018. Mechanisms to evade the phagocyte respiratory burst arose by convergent evolution in typhoidal Salmonella serovars. Cell Reports 22(7): 1787-1797.

Kamaruddin, M.S. & Latiff, A. 2002. Tumbuhan Ubatan Malaysia. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor: Pusat Pengurusan Penyelidikan.

Khajuria, V., Gupta, S., Bhagat, A. & Ahmed, Z. 2017. In-vitro assessment of cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Ficus palmate. Journal of Herbal Medicine 13: 71-75.

Koko, W.S., Mesaik, M.A., Yousof, S., Galal, M. & Choudary, M.I. 2008. In vitro immonumodulating properties of selected Sudanese medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 118: 26-34.

Lee, B., Jeong, H.H., Kang, K.K., Lee, C.S. & Lee, S.H. 2019. Improvement of diffusion-based microfluidic chemotaxis assay through stable formation of a chemical gradient.  Chemical Engineering Science 202: 130-137.

Liu, F., Deng, C., Cao, W., Zeng, G., Deng, X. & Zhou, Y. 2017. Phytochemicals of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. aqueous extract: Their xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 89: 544-548.

Mamat, N., Jamal, J.A., Jantan, I. & Husain, K. 2014. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities of some Primulaceae species. Sains Malaysiana 43(12): 1827-1833.

Mawa, S., Jantan, I. & Husain, K. 2016. Isolation of terpenoids from the stem of Ficus aurantiaca Griff and their effects on reactive oxygen species production and chemotactic activity of neutrophils. Molecules 21: 9. DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010009.

Mawa, S., Husain, K. & Jantan, I. 2013. Ficus carica L. (Moraceae): Phytochemistry, traditional uses and biological activities. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013: 974256.

Srivastava, P., Vyas, V.K., Variya, B., Patel, P., Qureshi, G. & Ghate, M. 2016. Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibition activities, and molecular docking study of 7-substituted coumarin derivatives. Bioorganic Chemistry 67: 130-138.

Yang, T.H., Yan, D.X., Huang, X.Y., Hou, B., Ma, Y.B., Peng, H. & Geng, C.A. 2019. Termipaniculatones A-F, chalcone-flavonone heterodimers from Terminthia paniculata, and their protective effects on hyperuricemia and acute gouty arthritis. Phytochemistry 164: 228-235.

Yang, Y., Zheng, K., Mei, W., Wang, Y., Yu, C., Yu, B. & Hu, J. 2018. Anti-inflammatory and

       proresolution activities of bergapten isolated from the roots of Ficus hirta in an in vivo zebrafish model. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 496(2): 763-769.

Yuandani, Menaga Ilangkovan, Ibrahim Jantan, Hazni Falina Mohamad, Khairana Husain& Amirul Faiz Abdul Razak. 2013. Inhibitory effects of standardized extracts of Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus urinaria and their maker compounds on phagocytic activity of human neutrophis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013: 603634. DOI: 10.1155/2013/603634.

Yuandani, Ibrahim Jantan, Menaga Ilangkovan, Khairana Husain& Kok Meng Chan. 2016. Inhibitory effects of compounds from Phyllanthus amarus on nitric oxide production, lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine release from phagocytes. Drug Design, Development and Therapy10: 1935-1945.

Zhang, Y.Y., Thakur, K., Wei, C.K., Wang, H., Zhang, J.G. & Wei, Z.J. 2018. Evaluation of inhibitory activity of natural plant polyphenols on soybean lipoxygenase by UFLC-mass spectrometry. South African Journal of Botany 120: 179-185.

*Corresponding author; email: khairana@ukm.edu.my