Sains Malaysiana 49(7)(2020): 1553-1566

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4907-08

Extraction Optimization, Purification and Immunostimulatory Activity in vitro of Polyphenols from Apple (Malus domestica) Peel

(Pengoptimuman Pengekstrakan, Pemurnian dan Aktiviti Rangsangan Keimunan Polifenol daripada Kulit Epal (Malus domestica) secara in vitro)

ASAD RIAZ^1,6*, KHURRAM YOUSAF², MOHAMED ABDIN¹, SAQIB JABBAR³, MUHAMMAD ABID⁴ & MALIK MUHAMMAD HASHIM⁵

¹College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

²College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210031, China

³Food Science and Product Development Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan

⁴Department of Food Technology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

⁵Department of Food Science and Technology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan

⁶Institute of Agro Products and Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China

Received: 11 December 2019/Accepted: 8 April 2020

ABSTRACT

Apple peel polyphenols were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conditions for the extraction of polyphenols were optimized by the response surface methodology. The optimized conditions determined as 32 min of extraction time, 29 °C of extraction temperature and ethanol concentration of 56% with a yield of 35.08 ± 0.26 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight. Six resins were used for the purification and D101 resin showed the highest ratio of desorption for polyphenols and further applied for dynamic adsorption/desorption test. Catechin, procyandin B, querecitin-3-galactoside and querecitin xyloside were identified in purified polyphenols by HPLC-MS/MS. Finally, the immunostimulatory activity in vitro of purified polyphenols on RAW264.7 cell lines was evaluated. The apple peel polyphenols exhibited a dose-dependent effect (p < 0.05) on the strongest propagation of RAW264.7 cells. The results demonstrate that apple peel is a valuable source of polyphenols and could be used as a natural immunostimulating agent for application in functional foods.

Keywords: Apple peel; extraction; immunostimulating activity; polyphenols; purification; RAW264.7

ABSTRAK

Polifenol telah diekstrak daripada kulit epal melalui pengekstrakan ultrabunyi (UAE) dan parameter untuk pengekstrakan polifenol telah dioptimum menggunakan kaedah rangsangan permukaan (RSM). Parameter yang dioptimumkan adalah 32 minit masa pengekstrakan, 29 °C suhu pengekstrakan dan kepekatan etanol 56% telah menghasilkan 35.08 ± 0.26 mg berat kering setara/g asid galik. Enam resin telah digunakan untuk pemurnian dan resin D101 menunjukkan nisbah penyerapan tertinggi untuk polifenol dan selanjutnya digunakan untuk ujian penjerapan/penyerapan dinamik. Menggunakan HPLC-MS/MS, katekin, prosiandin B, kueresitin-3-galaktosida dan kueresitin xilosida ditemui dalam polifenol yang telah dimurnikan. Akhirnya, aktiviti ransangan keimunan in vitro polifenol yang dimurnikan pada garis sel RAW264.7 dinilai. Polifenol kulit epal menunjukkan kesan bergantung kepada dos (p <0.05) pada pembiakan tertinggi sel RAW264.7. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa kulit epal adalah sumber polifenol yang berharga dan dapat digunakan sebagai agen rangsangan keimunan semula jadi untuk digunakan dalam makanan berfungsi.

Kata kunci: Aktiviti rangsangan keimunan; kulit epal; pengekstrakan; pemurnian; RAW264.7

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