Sains Malaysiana 49(7)(2020): 1615-1625
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4907-13
Secondhand Smoke Exposure
and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis
(Pendedahan Asap Rokok Sekunder dan Gangguan Spektrum Autisme: Suatu Analisis Meta)
FADZRUL HAFIZ JOHANI, NUR EZDIANI MOHAMED, MOHD
SHAFIK ABD MAJID, SITI DIYANA IBRAHIM & ZALEHA MD ISA*
Department of Community Health, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Medical Centre, 56000 Cheras, Kuala
Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
Received: 19 May 2019/Accepted: 11 March 2020
Abstract
Nicotine exposure during
early life can significantly affect neurocognitive development. This
meta-analysis was conducted to explore whether an association exists between
secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in
children. Database search using PubMed, SAGE, Scopus,
ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and Google Scholar were used to search
observational studies from January 2009 until January 2020. The random-effect
model was used to combine results from individual studies. Four studies (2
cross-sectional studies, 1 case-control study, and 1 mixed design study) with
2,434 ASD cases and a total of 104,128 participants were included in the
analysis. The pooled odds ratio (OR) was 1.36 (95% confidence interval (CI):
1.25-1.49) comparing SHS exposure in children with those who were not exposed.
Heterogeneity was not significant across studies (Chi2 = 0.41, p =
0.94, I2 = 0%). Results from this meta-analysis indicated that SHS
exposure has significant association with risk of ASD in children. Current
findings should be confirmed through more studies including prospective cohort
studies.
Keywords: Autism spectrum
disorder; children; meta-analysis; secondhand smoke
Abstrak
Pendedahan nikotin semasa usia muda boleh menjejaskan perkembangan neurokognitif. Analisis meta ini dijalankan untuk mengkaji sama ada wujud hubungan antara pendedahan asap rokok sekunder (SHS) dengan risiko gangguan spektrum autisme (ASD) pada kanak-kanak. Carian melalui pangkalan data PubMed, SAGE, Scopus, ScienceDirect,
ProQuest dan Google Scholar digunakan untuk mencari kajian pengamatan dari Januari 2009 sehingga Januari 2020. Model kesan-rawak digunakan untuk menggabungkan keputusan daripada setiap kajian. Empat kajian (2 kajian keratan rentas, 1 kajian kawalan kes dan 1 kajian reka bentuk campuran) dengan 2,434 kes ASD dan sejumlah 104,128 peserta dimasukkan ke dalam analisis. Nisbah ods terkumpul adalah 1.36 (95% selang keyakinan: 1.25-1.49) yang membandingkan pendedahan SHS pada kanak-kanak dengan mereka yang tidak terdedah. Keheterogenan adalah tidak bererti antara kajian(Chi2 = 0.41, p = 0.94, I2 = 0%). Keputusan daripada analisis meta ini menunjukan bahawa SHS mempunyai hubung kait yang bererti dengan risiko ASD pada kanak-kanak. Penemuan ini perlu disahkan menerusi lebih banyak kajian termasuk kajian kohort prospektif.
Kata kunci: Analisis meta; asap rokok sekunder; gangguan spektrum autisme; kanak-kanak
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*Corresponding
author; email: zms@ppukm.ukm.edu.my
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