Sains Malaysiana 50(11)(2021): 3333-3344

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5011-17

The Potential of Snail Seromucous and Chitosan as Bioimunomodulator for Tuberculosis Therapy

(Potensi Seromukus Siput dan Kitosan sebagai Bioimunopemodulat untuk Terapi Tuberkulosis)

YUSUP SUBAGIO SUTANTO¹*, MAGDALENA SUTANTO², AGNES SRI HARTI³ & NONY PUSPAWATI⁴

¹Pulmonary Disease Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University of Surakarta, Ir. Sutami No. 56 A, Surakarta, Central of Java, Indonesia

²District General Hospital of Surakarta City, Lettu Sumarto No. 1 Str, Surakarta, Central of Java, Indonesia

³Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Kusuma Husada University of Surakarta, Jaya Wijaya No. 11, Surakarta, Central of Java, Indonesia

⁴Department of Medical Laboratory Technical Analyst, Faculty of Health Science, Setia Budi University of Surakarta, Let. Jen. Sutoyo, Surakarta, Central of Java, Indonesia

Received: 1 February 2021/Accepted: 15 March 2021

ABSTRACT

Tuberculosis (TB) as a global emergency is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb plays an important role in inducing or suppressing the production of Interferon Gamma (IFNG) and IL-4 in the regulation of TB homeostasis and pathogenesis. The bioactive compounds of the snail seromucous (Achatina fulica Ferussac) and chitosan function as biological response modifiers. The study aimed to determine the potential effectiveness of snail seromucous and chitosan as bio-immunomodulator for TB therapy. The research method was based on the results of laboratory experiments with the physic-chemical, biochemical, microbiological examination, snail seromucous protein profile, lymphocyte proliferation, measurement of IFNG, and IL-4 levels. The results of the physic-chemical examination of the snail seromucous showed a specific gravity of 1.010; pH 8, glucose 16 mg/dL; cholesterol 9 mg/dL; protein 2.8 mg/dL and heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Hg, Al) negative. The results of microbiological tests showed that a 100% concentration of snail seromucous was antimicrobial against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The protein profile of snail seromucous shows that there are 3 protein subunits, namely the range 55 - 72 kDa and 1 specific protein sub-unit 43 kDa as a bioactive compound achasin sulfate. Addition of chitosan dose of 65 µg/mL; snail seromucous dose of 65 µg/mL and a mixture of chitosan (65 µg/mL): snail seromucous (65 µg/mL) ratio 1: 1, can increase lymphocyte proliferation; optimum levels of IFN-γ and IL-4. Snail seromucous and chitosan are effective immunomodulators and potential candidates for TB therapy.

Keywords: Chitosan; IFNG; IL-4; immunomodulator; Mtb; snail seromucous

ABSTRAK

Tuberkulosis (TB) ialah penyakit kronik kecemasan global yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb memainkan peranan penting dalam menekan pengeluaran Interferon Gamma (IFNG) dan IL-4 untuk pengaturan homeostasis TB dan patogenesis. Sebatian bioaktif seromukus siput (Achatina fulica Ferussac) dan kitosan berfungsi sebagai pengubah tindak balas biologi. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan potensi keberkesanan seromukus siput dan kitosan sebagai bioimunopemodulat untuk terapi TB. Kaedah penyelidikan berdasarkan hasil makmal uji kaji dengan tahap penyelidikan fizikokimia, biokimia, pemeriksaan mikrobiologi, profil protein seromukus siput, aktiviti imunopemodulat seromukus siput dan kitosan, percambahan limfosit, pengukuran tahap IFNG dan IL-4. Hasil pemeriksaan fizik-kimia seromukus siput menunjukkan graviti khusus 1.010; pH 8, glukosa 16 mg/dL; kolesterol 9 mg/dL; protein 2.8 mg/dL dan logam berat (Pb, Cu, Hg, Al) negatif. Hasil ujian mikrobiologi menunjukkan bahawa kepekatan seromukus siput 100% adalah antimikrob terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Profil protein kaedah SDS-PAGE menunjukkan bahawa terdapat 3 sub-unit protein berkisar 55 - 72 kDa dan 1 sub-unit protein khusus 43 kDa sebagai sebatian bioaktif achasin sulfat. Kitosan (65 ug/mL); lendir siput (65 µg/mL) dan campuran kitosan (65 µg/mL) dengan lendir siput (65 µg/mL) nisbah 1: 1, dapat meningkatkan percambahan limfosit juga tahap optimum IFN-γ dan IL- 4. Seromukus siput dan kitosan adalah imunopemodulat yang mengagumkan dan calon yang berpotensi untuk terapi TB.

Kata kunci: IFNG; IL-4; imunopemodulat; kitosan; Mtb; seromukus siput

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*Corresponding author; email: yusupsubagiosutanto@gmail.com