Sains Malaysiana 40(5)(2011): 451–455

 

Variation in Mycorrhizal Specificity for In Vitro Symbiotic Seed Germination of Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume

 

(Variasi dalam Pengkhususan Mikoriza bagi Percambahan Simbiosis In vitro Benih Grammatophyllum speciosumBlume)

 

H. A. B. Salifah, M. Muskhazli*, G. Rusea & P. Nithiyaa

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science

Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 3 Mac 2010 / Diterima: 7 Julai 2010

 

ABSTRACT

 

Grammatophyllum seeds are minute and lack endosperm. As with their other orchids counterpart, the seeds are dependent on mycorrhizal fungi for seed germination in nature. The ability to uptake nutrients from substrate is assisted by preferable fungal symbionts. Seeds of Grammatophyllum speciosumBlume. were used to determine the specificity of its fungus relationship using fungi isolated from roots of G. speciosum, G. stapeliiflorum and G. scriptum. A total of 31 different species of fungus was isolated and inoculated onto G. speciosum seed on Oat Meal Agar (OMA). The result obtained from the test demonstrated that seed germination rates were best when co-cultured with Fusarium sp. number 3 isolated from G. speciosum. An increment in 63.3% was measured when compared to the seed’s original size. The seed can also germinate when inoculated with fungus isolated from different species, implying that G. speciosum is a generalist in its association with fungal symbionts.

 

Keywords: Epiphytic orchid; germination; seed viability; specificity

 

ABSTRAK

 

Biji benihGrammatophyllum sangat kecil dan kurang kandungan endosperma. Seperti mana orkid yang lain, biji benihnya bergantung kepada kulat mikoriza untuk percambahan secara semula jadi. Kebolehan untuk mendapatkan nutrien dari substrat adalah dibantu dengan simbiosis kulat yang terpilih. Biji benih Grammatophyllum speciosumBl. telah digunakan bagi menentukan pengkhususan perhubungan kulatnya dengan menggunakan kulat yang dipencilkan dari akar G. speciosum, G. stapeliiflorumdan G. scriptum. Sejumlah 31 spesies berbeza telah dipencilkan dan diinokulat ke atas biji benih G. speciosummenggunakan ‘Oat Meal Agar’ (OMA). Keputusan yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahawa kadar percambahan biji benih yang baik diperoleh apabila benih dikultur denganFusarium sp. nombor 3 yang dipencilkan daripadaG. speciosum, dengan penambahan saiz sebanyak 63.3% berbanding dengan saiz asal biji benih. Biji benih juga boleh bercambah dengan inokulasi bersama spesis kulat yang lain, menunjukkan bahawaG. speciosum adalah bersifat am dalam hubungkait simbiosisnya dengan kulat.

 

Kata kunci: Kelangsungan benih; orkid epifit; pengkhususan; percambahan

 

RUJUKAN

 

Arditti, J., Ernst, R., Yam, T.W& Glabe, C. 1990. The contribution of orchid mycorrhizal fungi to seed germination: a speculative review. Lindleyana 5: 249-255.

Beadmore, J. & Pegg, G.F. 1981. A technique for the establishment of mychorrhizal infection in orchid tissue grown in aseptic culture. The New Phytologist87: 527-535.

Funder, S. 1968. Practical Mycology: Manual for Identification of Fungi. New York and Kingston-upon-Thames. New York: Hafner Publishing Company.

Huynh, T.T., Thomson, R., Mclean, C.B. & Lawrie, A.C. 2009. Functional and genetic diversity of mycorrhizal fungi from single plants of Caladenia formosa(Orchidaceae). Annals of Botany 104: 757-765.

Illyes, Z., Rudnoy, S. & Bratek, Z. 2005. Aspects of in situ, in vitro germination and mychorrhizal partners of Liparis loeselii. Proceedings of the 8th Hungarian Congress on Plant Physioloy and the 6th Hungarian Conference on Photosynthesis. Acta Biology Szegediensis 49: 137-139.

Johnson, T.R., Stewart, S.L., Dutra, D., Caine, M.E. & Richardson, L. 2007. Asymbiotic and symbiotic seed germination of Eulophia alta(Orchidaceae)- preliminary evidence for the symbiotic culture advantage. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 90: 313-323.

Kauth, P.J., Vendrame, W.A. & Kane, M.E. 2006. In vitro seed culture and seedling development of Calopogon tuberosus. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 85: 91-102.

Lauzer, D., Renaut, S., St. Arnaud, M. & Barabe, D., 2007. In vitro asymbiotic germination, protocorm development, and plantlet acclimatization of Aplectrum hyemale(Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr. (Orchidaceae). The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 134: 344-348.

Ma, M., Tan, T.K. & Wong, S.M. 2003. Identification and molecular phylogeny of Epulorhiza isolates from tropical orchids. Mycological Research 107: 1041-1049.

McKendrick, S., 2000. In vitro germination of orchids: a manual. Ceiba Foundation for Tropical Conservation. 17p.

Millner, H.J., Obeng, A., McCrea, A.R. & Baldwin, T.C. 2008. Axenic seed germination and in vitro seedling development of Restrepia brachypus(Orchidaceae). The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 135: 497-505.

Oien, D., O’Neill, J.P., Whigham, D. F. & McCormick, M. 2008. Germination ecology of the boreal alpine terrestrial orchid Dactylorhiza lapponica(Orchidaceae). Annales Botanici Fennici45: 161-172.

Otero, J.T., Ackerman, J.D. & Bayman, P. 2004. Differences in mychorrhizal preferences between two tropical orchids. Molecular Ecology 13: 2393-2404.

Otero, J.T., Ackerman, J.D. & Bayman, P., 2005. Variation in mychorrhizal performance in the epiphytic orchid Tolumnia variegata in vitro: the potential for natural selection. Evolutionary Ecology 19: 29-43.

Otero, J.T., Flanagan, N.S., Herre, A., Ackerman, J.D. & Bayman, P. 2007. Widespread mycorrhizal specificity correlates to mycorrhizal function in the neotropical, epiphytic orchid Ionopsis utricularioides (orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 94: 1944-1950.

Ovando, I., Damon, A., Bello, R., Ambrosio, D., Albores, V., Adriano, L. & Salvador, M. 2005. Isolation of endophytic fungi and their mychorrhizal potential for the tropical epiphytic orchids Cattleya skinneri, C. auranticaand Brassavola nodosa. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 4: 309-315.

Rivas, R.M., Warner, J. & Bermudez, M. 1998. Occurrence of orchid mycorrhizae in a neotropical botanical garden. Revista de Biología Tropical 46: 121-128.

Shamala, S. 2005. Performance of Trichoderma harzianumRifai as a biological control agent for basal stem rot oil palm (Elaieis guineensisJacq.) caused by Ganoderma boninense Pat. MSc. Thesis. Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Sharma, J., Zettler, L.W., van Sambeek, J.W., Ellersieck, M.R. & Starbuck, C.J. 2003. Symbiotic seed germination and mychorrhizae of federally threatened Platanthera praeclara (Orchidaceae). The American Midland Naturalist 149: 104-120.

Stewart, S.L. & Kane, M.E. 2006. Asymbiotic seed germination and in vitro seedling development of Habenaria macroceratitis (Orchidaceae). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 86: 147-158.

Vujanovic, V., St. Arnaud, M., Barabe, D. & Thibeault, G. 2000. Viability testing of orchid seed and the promotion of colouration and germination. Annals of Botany 86: 79-86.

Watanabe, T. 2002. Pictorial atlas of Soil and Seed Fungi. 2nd edition. Florida: CRC Press.

                              

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: muskhazli@science.upm.edu.my

 

 

sebelumnya