Sains Malaysiana 43(11)(2014): 1657–1663

Chironomid Spatial Distribution within the upstream of Sungai Langat Catchment

(Taburan Reruang Kironomid dalam Kawasan Hulu Tadahan Sungai Langat)

A.K. AHMAD*, Z. ABD. AZIZ & M. SHUHAIMI-OTHMAN

School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 23 Oktober 2013/Diterima: 12 April 2014

ABSTRACT

A study on the chironomids (Diptera:Chironomidae) diversity at pristine ecosystem was carried out at upstream of Sungai Langat, Selangor. The study determines chironomids distribution and composition at 7 streams and river within the upstream site of Langat Catchment. Chironomid was sampled using Surber net and water quality was measured based on Malaysia WQI. The result indicated that Chironomidae was represented by three subfamilies namely Chironominae, Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae, which comprises of 2502 individuals. Chironominae was the most dominant subfamily (1619 individuals) followed by Orthocladinae (629 individuals) and Tanypodinae (254 individuals). Polypedilum (subfamily: Chironominae) is the most dominant genus found followed by Rheocricotopus (subfamily: Orthocladiinae), Microtendipes and Cryptochironomus. Polypedilum was abundant in all stations except Sg. Langat 3 which was dominated by Rheocricotopus. Sungai Langat 3 has the highest number of individual (1113) which is (44.5%) from total chironomid individual and followed by Sg. Lolo with 468 individuals that were dominated by Polypedilum.

Keywords: Chironomid; Chironominae; Orthocladiinae; Sungai Langat; Tanypodinae

ABSTRAK

Kajian ke atas kepelbagaian chironomid (Diptera:Chironomidae) dalam ekosistem bebas cemar telah dijalankan di kawasan hulu, Sungai Langat, Selangor. Kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti penyebaran dan komposisi kironomid pada 7 sungai dan anak sungai di kawasan tadahan Sungai Langat. Kironomid disampel menggunakan jaring Surber dan kualiti air yang diukur adalah berdasarkan piawai WQI Malaysia. Hasil kajian menunjukkan famili Chironomidae diwakili oleh tiga subfamili yang dikenali sebagai Chironominae, Orthocladiinae dan Tanypodinae yang mempunyai sejumlah 2502 individu. Chironominae dikenal pasti sebagai subfamili yang paling dominan (1619 individu) diikuti oleh Orthocladinae (629 individu) dan Tanypodinae (254 individu). Polypedilum (subfamili: Chironominae) adalah genus yang paling dominan yang diperoleh diikuti oleh Rheocricotopus (subfamili: Orthocladiinae), Microtendipes dan Cryptochironomus. Polypedilum mempunyai kelimpahan yang tinggi pada setiap stesen kecuali bagi Sg. Langat 3 yang didominasi oleh Rheocricotopus. Sungai Langat 3 mempunyai jumlah yang paling tinggi iaitu 1113 individu dan ini merupakan (44.5%) daripada jumlah keseluruhan individu kironomid dan diikuti oleh Sg. Lolo dengan 468 individu yang didominasi oleh Polypedilum.

Kata kunci: Kironomid; Chironominae; Orthocladiinae; Sungai Langat; Tanypodinae

RUJUKAN

Ahmad, A.K., Abd. Aziz, Z., Min, K.S. & Shuhaimi-Othman, M. 2012. Chironomidae diversity and distribution at upstream of Sungai Langat, Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. Serangga 17(1): 21-36.

Ahmad, A.K., Idris, A.B., Mohamad Shuhaimi-Othman, Salwana, H. & Hamisah, H. 2008. A prelimary survey of Chironomids diversity at headwater of Langat River, Selangor. Serangga 13(1-2): 1-18.

Al-Shami, S.A., Che Salmah, M.R., Abu Hassan, A. & Siti Azizah, M.N. 2009. Temporal distribution of larval Chironomidae (Diptera) in experimental rice field in Penang, Malaysia. Journal Asia-Pacific Entomology 13: 17-22.

APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 20th ed. Washington: American Public Health Association.

Ashe, P., Murray, D.A. & Reiss, F. 1987. The zoogeographical distribution of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera). Annals Limnol. 23(1) 27-60.

Azrina, M.Z., Yap, C.K., Ismail, A.R., Ismail, A. & Tan, S.G. 2006. Antropogenic impacts on the distribution and biodiversity of benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality of the Langat River Penisular Malaysia. Ecotoxicology and Enviromental Safety 64(3): 337-347.

Cranston, P.S. 2004. Insecta: Diptera, Chironomidae. In The Freshwater Invetebrates of Malaysia and Singapore, edited by Yule, C.M. & Yong, H.S. Kuala Lumpur: Academy of Science, Malaysia. pp. 711-735.

Cranston, P.S. 1982. A Key to the Larvae of the British Orthocladinae (Chironomidae). Entomology Department, British Museum, No.45.

Eggermont, H. & Heiri, O. 2012. The chironomid-temperature relationship: Expression in nature and palaeoenvironmental implications. Biological Review 87: 430-456.

Epler, J.H. 2001. Identification Manual for the Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina. A guide to taxonomy of the midges of the southeastern United States, including Florida.Special Publication SJ2001- SP13. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Religh, NC, and St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, FL. p. 526.

Ferrington, L.C. Jr. 2008. Global diversity of non-biting midges (Chironomidae; Insecta-Diptera) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595: 447-455.

Hawkins, C.P., Murphy, M.L. & Anderson, N.H. 1982. Effects of canopy, substrate composition, and gradient on the structure of macroinvetebrate communities in cascade range stream of Oregon. Ecology 63(6): 1840-1856.

Marjut, N., Korhola, A. & Brooks, S.J. 2005. The distribution and diversity of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) in western Finnish Lapland, with special emphasis on shallow lakes. Global Ecology and Biogeography 14: 137-153.

Mora, A. & Szivak, I. 2012. Spatial distribution and diversity of chironomid assemblages in a small hilly stream (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects: International Journal of Freshwater Entomology 34: 127-138.

Odume, O.N. & Muller, W.J. 2011. Diversity and structure of Chironomidae communities in relation to water quality differences in the Swartkops River. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 36(14-15): 929-938.

Pinder, L.V.C. 1986. Biology of freshwater Chironomidae. Annual Review of Entomology 31: 1-23.

Roque, F.O., Siqueira, T., Bini, L.M., Riberos, M.C., Tambosis, L.R., Ciochetis, G. & Trivinho-Strixino, S. 2010. Untangling associations between chironomid taxa in Neotropical streams using local and landscape filters. Freshwater Biol. 55: 847- 865.

Vannote, R.L., Minshall, W.G., Cummins, K.W., Sedell, J.R. & Cushing, C.E. 1980. The river continuum concept. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 130-137.

Vedamanikam, V.J. & Shazilli, N.A.M. 2008. The effect of multi-generational exposure to metals and resultant change in median lethal toxicity tests values over subsequent generations. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 80: 63-67.

Verbruggen, F., Heiri, O., Merila, J.J. & Lotter, A.F. 2011. Subfossil chironomid assemblages in deep, stratified European lakes: Relationships with temperature, trophic state and oxygen. Freshwater Biology 56: 407-423.

Warrin Ebau, Din, Z.B. & Che Salmah, M.R. 2008. Use of tropical Chironomid larvae (Diptera:Chironomidae) as indicator organism for aquatic and sediment toxicity tests. In International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology (ICERT). USM, Penang, Malaysia. May 28-30.

Wiederholm, T. 1983. Chironomidae of Holarctic region: Keys and diagnoses. Vol.1. Larvae. Entomological Scandinavia Supplement 19: 457.

Willasen, E. 1988. A new oriental spesies of Dimensa Meigen (Diptera:Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects 10: 221-225.

Yap, C.K., Ismail, A.R., Ismail, A. & Tan, S.G. 2003. Species diversity of macrobenthic invertebrates in the Semenyih River, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. Pertanika Journal Trop. Agric. Sci. 26(2): 139-146.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: abas@ukm.edu.my