Sains Malaysiana 43(11)(2014): 1729–1735

 

Is Household Smoking a Risk Factor for Caries? A Case-Control Study

(Adakah Asap Rokok di Rumah Faktor Risiko untuk Karies? Suatu Kajian Kes

 

 

A.M. ZURINA1, M. ASMA'4*, R.J. RAJA LATIFAH2 & Y. NORIAH3

 

1Ministry of Health, Blok E1, E3, E6, E7 & E10, Kompleks E, Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan, 62590 Putrajaya, Malaysia

 

2International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sungai Pusu, 53100 Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia

 

3Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Kampus KL), Jalan Raja Muda Abd. Aziz

50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

 

4Department of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry,

University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 20 September 2013/Diterima: 7 April 2014

 

ABSTRACT

Recent studies suggested that exposure to household smoking (HHS) could be a modifiable risk factor for caries development among children. Majority of the studies were cross sectional in nature. Therefore, a case-control study was designed to test the hypothesis that HHS is a risk factor to caries experience in permanent teeth. Calculation of sample size was based on the ratio of 1 case to 4 controls. Case was defined as a child aged 13-14 years old with caries in at least one second permanent molar and control was defined as a child from the same age and school with no caries second permanent molars. Matching was done for gender and ethnicity. School dental records provided information on oral health status and oral hygiene status. Information on HHS, socio-economic status, child’s smoking status and child’s oral health practices were obtained from a self- administered questionnaire, completed by the children and their parents. The result showed that 55.9% of the case group was exposed to HHS, as compared to 44.1% among the control group. In the final multiple logistic regression model after controlling for important risk factors for caries, children with caries were almost twice as likely to have been exposed to HHS for more than 10 years as compared to children with no caries, (Adjusted OR=1.90 and 95% CI=1.35, 2.60). In addition, children who only received dental care from the school dental service had reduced risk of having dental caries by more than one third (36%) as compared with those who received dental care from school dental service (SDS) as well as had additional dental problem solving visit outside SDS (Adjusted OR=0.64 and 95% CI=0.50, 0.90). It is concluded that exposure to HHS for a long duration (> than 10 years) increase the risk to have caries experience in permanent teeth of children.

 

Keywords: Children; dental caries; household smoking; risk factor

 

 

ABSTRAK

Kajian terkini menunjukkan bahawa pendedahan kepada asap rokok di rumah (HHS) boleh menjadi faktor risiko yang boleh diubah untuk pembentukan karies dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Kebanyakan kajian adalah kajian keratan rentas. Oleh itu, satu kajian kes-kawalan telah dirancang untuk menguji hipotesis bahawa HHS adalah faktor risiko kepada karies pada gigi kekal. Pengiraan saiz sampel adalah berdasarkan kepada nisbah satu kes kepada empat kawalan. Kes ditakrifkan sebagai seorang kanak-kanak berumur 13-14 tahun dengan kerosakan gigi di sekurang-kurangnya satu gigi geraham kekal kedua dan kawalan pula ditakrifkan sebagai kanak-kanak yang sama umur (dan dari sekolah yang sama) tanpa karies gigi geraham kekal kedua. Padanan telah dilakukan untuk jantina dan keturunan. Maklumat mengenai status kesihatan mulut dan status kebersihan mulut diambil daripada rekod pergigian sekolah. Maklumat HHS, status sosio-ekonomi, status merokok kanak-kanak dan amalan kesihatan mulut kanak-kanak diperoleh menggunakan borang soal selidik yang diisi oleh anak-anak dan ibu bapa mereka. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa 55.9% daripada kes terdedah kepada HHS, berbanding dengan 44.1% dalam kalangan kumpulan kawalan. Dalam model regresi logistik berganda akhir selepas mengawal faktor-faktor risiko yang penting untuk karies, kanak-kanak dalam kumpulan kes hampir dua kali ganda berkemungkinan telah terdedah kepada HHS selama lebih daripada 10 tahun berbanding dengan kanak-kanak tanpa karies, (Adjusted OR=1.90 dan 95% CI=1.35, 2.60). Di samping itu, kanak-kanak yang hanya menerima rawatan pergigian daripada perkhidmatan pergigian sekolah mengurangkan risiko mempunyai karies gigi lebih daripada satu pertiga (36%) berbanding dengan mereka yang menerima rawatan pergigian daripada perkhidmatan pergigian sekolah (SDS) dan rawatan tambahan diluar SDS untuk menyelesaikan masalah pergigian (Adjusted OR=0.64 dan 95% CI=0.50, 0.90). Kesimpulannya, pendedahan kepada HHS untuk tempoh yang panjang (> 10 tahun) meningkatkan risiko untuk mendapat karies gigi kekal dalam kalangan kanak-kanak.

 

Kata kunci: Asap rokok di rumah; faktor risiko; kanak-kanak; karies gigi

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: asmar@um.edu.my

 

 

 

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