Sains Malaysiana 45(10)(2016): 1487–1495

 

Environmental Influences on Fish Assemblages of the Upper Sungai Pelus, Kuala Kangsar, Perak, Malaysia

(Pengaruh Alam Sekitar ke atas Kumpulan Ikan dari Hulu Sungai Pelus, Kuala Kangsar, Perak, Malaysia)

MAT ESA MOHD IKHWANUDDIN1, MOHAMMAD NOOR AZMAI AMAL1*, SHAMARINA SHOHAIMIHASRUL1, HAZMAN HASAN2 & NOR ROHAIZAH JAMIL2

 

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang,

Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

2Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 12 September 2015/Diterima: 11 Mac 2016

 

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates the current environmental influences on fish assemblages of the upper Sungai Pelus, Kuala Kangsar, Perak. Fish samplings and habitat characterizations were conducted at three significant different months, which were on dry (June 2014), wet (August 2014) and moderately wet seasons (April 2015). A total of 510 individual fish were collected from the study, which consist of four orders, nine families, 20 genus and 21 species of fishes. Cyprinidae was the biggest family, followed by Bagridae, Balitoridae and Sisoridae. Neolissochilus hexagonolepis was the only species documented under the nearly threatened list, even their individual number and occurrences were the highest recorded. The readings of environmental variables, such as water temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, biological oxygen demand and total suspended solids were regarded as normal for upper river area. However, the water turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were quite high, which we believed was due to seasonal variation and current anthropogenic activities of the nearby river area. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the water conductivity, river width, COD and water velocity were the main factors in influencing the fish assemblages of this upper Sungai Pelus. The findings can be utilized as a guideline to manage, protect and conserve this upper river area in the near future.

 

Keywords: Environmental influences; fish assemblage; fish diversity; Perak; upper river

 

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini menilai pengaruh alam sekitar semasa terhadap kumpulan ikan di hulu Sungai Pelus, Kuala Kangsar, Perak. Pensampelan ikan dan pencirian habitat telah dijalankan pada tiga bulan berbeza; musim kering (Jun 2014), basah (Ogos 2014) dan sederhana basah (April 2015). Sebanyak 510 ikan telah diambil daripada kajian ini, yang terdiri daripada empat order, sembilan keluarga, 20 genus dan 21 spesies ikan. Cyprinidae adalah keluarga terbesar, diikuti oleh Bagridae, Balitoridae dan Sisoridae. Neolissochilus hexagonolepis adalah satu-satunya spesies yang direkodkan di bawah senarai hampir terancam, malah bilangan individu dan kejadian mereka adalah tertinggi direkodkan. Bacaan pemboleh ubah persekitaran seperti suhu air, pH, kekonduksian, oksigen terlarut, jumlah pepejal terlarut, permintaan oksigen biologi dan jumlah pepejal terampai adalah normal bagi kawasan hulu sungai. Walau bagaimanapun, kekeruhan air dan keperluan oksigen kimia (COD) adalah agak tinggi dan kami percaya ia disebabkan oleh perubahan bermusim dan aktiviti antropogen semasa di kawasan sungai berdekatan. Analisis penghubungan berkanun menunjukkan bahawa pengaliran air, kelebaran lebar, COD dan halaju air adalah faktor utama yang mempengaruhi kumpulan ikan di hulu Sungai Pelus ini. Keputusan kajian boleh digunakan sebagai satu garis panduan untuk mengurus, melindungi dan memulihara kawasan hulu sungai ini pada masa hadapan.

 

Kata kunci: Hulu sungai; kepelbagaian ikan; kumpulan ikan; pengaruh alam sekitar; Perak

RUJUKAN

Ahmad, A.K., Siti-Hafizah, A. & Shuhaimi-Othman, M. 2015. Potential use of benthic macroinvertebrate as biological indicators in Sungai Ikan, Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu. Sains Malaysiana 44(5): 663-670.

Ahmad, A.K., Mohd-Sham, O., Shukor, M.N., Aweng, E.R. & Shuhaimi-Othman, O. 2011. Ecological factors affecting fish diversity and density in Sungkai Wildlife Reserve, Perak, Malaysia. The Zoologist 9: 78-84.

Ambak, M.A., Isa, M.M., Zakaria, M.Z. & Ghaffar, M.A. 2010. Fishes of Malaysia. Terengganu: Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.

Askeyev, O., Askeyev, I., Askeyev, A., Monakhov, S. & Yanybaev, N. 2015. River fish assemblages in relation to environmental factors in the eastern extremity of Europe (Tatarstan Republic, Russia). Environmental Biology of Fishes 98: 1277-1293.

Azmir, I.A. & Samat, A. 2010. Diversity and distribution of stream fishes of Pulau Langkawi, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 39(6): 869-875.

Azrina, M.Z., Yap, C.K., Rahim, A.I., Ismail, A. & Tan, S.G. 2006. Anthropogenic impacts on the distribution and biodiversity of benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality of the Langat River, Peninsular Malaysia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 64: 337-347.

Barbour, M.T., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B.D. & Stribling, J.B. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. 2nd ed. EPA 841-B-99-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Water; Washington, D.C.

Beamish, F.W.H., Sa-ardrit, P. & Tongnunui, S. 2006. Habitat characteristics of the cyprinidae in small rivers in Central Thailand. Environmental Biology of Fishes 76: 237-253.

Chang, M.H., Lin, Y.S. & Chaung, L.C. 1999. Effect of dams on fish assemblages of the Tachia River, Taiwan. Acta Zoologica Taiwanica 10: 77-90.

Chong, V.C., Lee, P.K.Y. & Lau, C.M. 2010. Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 76: 2009-2066.

de Andrade, V.M., da Silva, J., da Silva, F.R., Heuser, V.D., Dias, J.F., Yoneama, M.L. & de Freitas, T.R.O. 2004. Fish as bioindicators to assess the effects of pollution in two southern Brazilian rivers using the Comet assay and micronucleus test. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 44: 459-468.

Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID). 2009. Study on the River Water Quality Trends and Indexes in Peninsular Malaysia. Water Resources Management and Hydrology Division, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia. Water Resources Publication No. 21. p. 112.

Dubey, V.K., Sarkar, U.K., Pandey, A., Sani, R. & Lakra, W.S. 2012. The influence of habitat on the spatial variation in fish assemblage composition in an unimpacted tropical River of Ganga basin, India. Aquatic Ecology 46: 165-174.

Eisakhani, M. & Malakahmad, A. 2009. Water quality assessment of Bertam River and its tributaries in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. World Applied Sciences Journal 7: 769-776.

Fischer, J.R. & Paukert, C.P. 2008. Habitat relationships with fish assemblages in minimally disturbed Great Plains regions. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 17: 597-609.

Froese, R. & Pauly, D. 2015. FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org.

Grenouillet, G., Pont, D. & Hérissé, C. 2004. Within-basin fish assemblage structure: The relative influence of habitat versus stream spatial position on local species richness. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61: 93-102.

Harris, J.H. 1995. The use of fish in ecological assessments. Australian Journal of Ecology 20: 65-80.

Haslawati, B., Chew, P.C. & Rosly, H. 2007. Checklist of Native Freshwater Fishes of Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysia: Department of Fisheries Malaysia.

Hilty, J. & Merenlender, A. 2000. Faunal indicator taxa selection for monitoring ecosystem health. Biological Conservation 92: 185-197.

Hu, M.L., Wu, Z.Q. & Liu, Y.L. 2009. The fish fauna of mountain streams in the Guanshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi, China. Environmental Biology of Fishes 86: 23-27.

Ibarra, A.A., Dauba, F. & Lim, P. 2005. Influence of non-point source pollution on riverine fish assemblages in south west France. Ecotoxicology 14: 573-588.

Ismail, A., Amal, M.N.A., Muskhazli, M., Azwady, N.A.A., Hisham, M.N.M.N. & Rahman, F. 2013. A survey on fish diversity in Sungai Enam, Temenggor Lake, Perak. Malayan Nature Journal 65: 30-37.

Jenkins, J.A. 2004. Fish bioindicators of ecosystem condition at the Calcasieu Estuary, Louisiana: USGS Open-File Report 2004-1323, p. 47.

Kottelat, M. 2013. The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia: A catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement No. 27. Singapore: National University of Singapore.

Li, J., Huang, L., Zou, L., Kano, Y., Sato, T. & Yahara, T. 2012. Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblages and their associations to habitat variables in a mountain stream of north Tiaoxi River, China. Environmental Biology of Fishes 93: 403-417.

Li, L., Zheng, B. & Liu, L. 2010. Biomonitoring and bioindicators used for river ecosystems: definitions, approaches and trends. Procedia Environmental Sciences 2: 1510-1524.

Malmqvist, B. & Rundle, S. 2002. Threats to the running water ecosystems of the world. Environmental Conservation 29: 134-153.

Marchetti, P.M. & Moyle, P.B. 2001. Effects of flow regime on fish assemblages in a regulated California stream. Ecological Applications 11: 530-539.

Montana, C.G., Choudhary, S.K., Dey, S. & Winemiller, K.O. 2011. Compositional trends of fisheries in the River Ganges, India. Fisheries Management and Ecology 18: 282-296.

Nadarajah, K., Rashid, N. & Farina, Y. 2012. The Relau River water quality at the National Forest Reserve, Merapoh, Pahang. Journal of Applied Sciences 12: 1801-1808.

Naiman, R.J., Melillo, J.M., Lock, M.A., Ford, T.E. & Reice, S.E. 1987. Longitudinal patterns of ecosystem processes and community structure in a subarctic river continuum. Ecology 68: 1139-1156.

Neely, D.A., Conway, K.W. & Mayden, R.L. 2007. Erromyzon yangi, a new hillstream loach (Teleostei: Balitoridae) from the Pearl River drainage of Guangxi Province, China. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 18: 97-102.

Oberdorff, T., Guilbert, E. & Lucchetta, C. 1993. Patterns of fish species richness in the Seine River basin, France. Hydrobiologia 259: 157-167.

Offem, B.O., Ayotunde, E.O., Ikpi, G.U., Ochang, S.N. & Ada, F.B. 2011. Influence of seasons on water quality, abundance of fish and plankton species of Ikwori Lake, South-Eastern Nigeria. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal 1: 1-13.

Phillips, D.J.H. & Rainbow, P.S. 1993. Biomonitoring of Trace Aquatic Contaminants. New York: Elsevier Applied Science. p. 325.

Rainboth, J. 1996. Fishes of Cambodian Mekong. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations.

Raj, N. & Azeez, P.A. 2009. Spatial and temporal variation in surface water chemistry of a tropical river, the River Bharathapuzha, India. Current Science 96: 245-251.

Sara, J.R., Ngoni, A.G.M., Willem, J.S., Gavin. G. & Johan, T. 2012. An ichthyological and bio-monitoring survey of fish assemblages in the Vunduzi River from it source on Gorongosa Mountain to its lower reaches in the Gorongosa National Park, Moçambique. Aquaculture Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.

Sarkar, U.K. & Bain, M.B. 2007. Priority habitats for the conservation of large river fishes in the Ganges River basin. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17: 349-359.

Schorr, M.S. & Backer, J.C. 2006. Localized effects of coal mine drainage on fish assemblages in a Cumberland Plateau stream in Tennessee. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 21: 17-24.

Seilheimer, T.S., Wei, A., Chow-Fraser, P. & Eyles, N. 2007. Impact of urbanization on the water quality, fish habitat, and fish community of a Lake Ontario marsh, Frenchman’s Bay. Urban Ecosystems 10: 299-319.

Shah, A.R.M.S., Samat, A., Putih, K. & Mansor, K.N.A. 2012. Notes on the freshwater fishes at selected headwater streams of the Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kedah Darul Aman. Malayan Nature Journal 64: 147-152.

Stumm, W. & Morgan, J.J. 1981. Aquatic Chemistry: An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters. New York: Wiley. p. 780.

Sucman, E., Milada, V., Helena, G.Z. & Miroslava, M. 2006. Fish-useful bio-indicators for evaluation of contamination in water ecosystems. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Soils, Sediments, Water and Energy 11(3): 17-26.

Tejerina-Garro, F.L., Maldonado, M., Ibañez, C., Pont, D., Roset, N. & Oberdorff, T. 2005. Effects of natural and anthropogenic environmental changes on riverine fish assemblages: A framework for ecological assessment of rivers. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48: 91-108.

ter Braak, C.J.F. & Smilauer, P. 2002. CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user’s guide: Software for canonical community ordination, version 4.5. Microcomputer Power, Ithaca.

Tongnunui, S. & Beamish, F.W.H. 2009. Habitat and relative abundance of fishes in small rivers in eastern Thailand. Environmental Biology of Fishes 85: 209-220.

Tonn, W.M., Cynthia, A.P., Garry, J.S., Peter, K.M.A., Marc, L., Ellie, E.P. & Kim, W. 2003. Effects of forest harvesting and fire on fish assemblages in Boreal Plains Lakes: A reference condition approach. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132: 514-523.

Toriman, M.E., Jaafar, M. & Abdullah, S.M.S. 2008. Environmental flow modelling as a tool for water resources management: A study of detailed environmental impact assessment (DEIA) in Sungai Pelus River catchment, Malaysia. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 3(1): 1-10.

Toriman, M.E. 2010. Assessing environmental flow modeling for water resources management: A case of Sg. (River) Pelus, Malaysia. Nature and Science 8: 69-76.

Wilkie, M.P. & Wood, C. 1991. Nitrogenous waste excretion, acid base regulation and ionoregulation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to extremely alkaline water. Physiological Zoology 64: 1069-1086.

Wilson, G.G. 2005. Impact of invasive exotic fishes on wetland ecosystems in the Murray - Darling Basin. Native fish and wetlands in the Murray - Darling Basin - Canberra Workshop, 7-8 June.

Wu, J., Wang, J., He, Y. & Cao, W. 2011. Fish assemblage structure in the Chishui River, a protected tributary of the Yangtze River. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems 400: 11.

Yusoff, F.M. & Gopinath, N. 1995. The status of inland fisheries in Malaysia. Indo-Pacific Fishery Commission. FAO Fisheries Report No. 512.

Zulkafli, A.R., Amal, M.N.A., Shohaimi, S., Mustafa, A., Ghani, A.H., Hashim, S., Anuar, M.I. & Hasfairi, M.P. 2015. Length-weight relationships of 20 fish species from Pahang River, Maran district, Pahang, Malaysia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 31: 409-410.

Zulkafli, A.R., Asmuni, M., Hassan, A.G. & Haslawati, B. 2014. Ikan-ikan Air Tawar Sungai Pahang. Putrajaya: Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia.

 

 

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: mnamal@upm.edu.my

 

 

 

sebelumnya