Sains Malaysiana 45(12)(2016): 1879–1885

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2016-4512-12

 

Haid daripada Perspektif Sains dan Maqasid Syariah

(Menses from the Perspective of Science and Maqasid Syariah)

 

NUR ASMADAYANA HASIM¹, MOHD IZHAR ARIFF MOHD KASHIM², RIZAFIZAH OTHAMAN³, MOHAMMAD ZAINI YAHAYA², ROZIDA KHALID³ & MUHAMMAD ADIB SAMSUDIN²*

 

¹Institut Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

²Jabatan Syariah, Fakulti Pengajian Islam, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi,

 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

³Pusat Pengajian Sains Kimia & Teknologi Makanan, Fakulti Sains & Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 17 Jun 2016/Diterima: 15 Ogos 2016

 

ABSTRAK

Setiap kejadian semula jadi merupakan rahmat dan memberi kemaslahatan kepada manusia termasuklah pendarahan haid dalam kalangan wanita. Haid merupakan suatu proses yang unik dan terancang yang melibatkan tiga fasa utama iaitu fasa haid, fasa folikel dan fasa luteal. Objektif penyelidikan ini ialah untuk mengkaji dan menghubungkaitkan kebaikan haid daripada perspektif sains dan maqasid syariah. Kajian ini dijalankan dengan menggunakan ulasan literatur secara deskriptif. Kajian mendapati bahawa perubahan hormon, warna darah dan faktor fiziokimia lain memberi kesan terhadap kenormalan kitaran haid. Darah haid juga dikenal pasti mempunyai agen antimikrob terutamanya terhadap bakteria E. coli dan bakteria Gram-negatif lain. Hal ini bertepatan dengan maqasid syariah memelihara jiwa kerana haid mampu juga memelihara kesihatan wanita. Selain itu, kajian lepas menemukan bahawa darah haid terdiri daripada sel stem yang boleh digunakan dalam aktiviti klinikal pada masa akan datang. Maqasid syariah melindungi keturunan juga dapat dilihat dengan kehadiran haid yang sering digunakan bagi menjangkakan waktu subur bagi merancang kehamilan. Hikmah Islam melarang mendekatkan diri (bersetubuh) dengan wanita yang sedang haid adalah satu rahmat yang besar, kerana wanita yang sedang haid biasanya mempunyai kelaziman gejala prahaid (PMS) yang melibatkan isu kesihatan. Oleh itu, haid daripada perspektif sains adalah bertepatan dengan maqasid syariah.

 

Kata kunci: Antimikrob; haid; kelaziman gejala prahaid (PMS); maqasid syariah; sel stem

 

 

ABSTRACT

Each natural occurrence is a blessing and gives benefit to human being such as menstruation in women. Menstruation is a unique and planned process, which involves three main phases; the menstrual phase, the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The objectives of this research were to study and relate the benefits of menses from the perspective of science and maqasid syariah. The research was conducted using descriptive literature review. It was found that hormonal changes, colour of menstrual blood and other physiochemical factors affect the normality of the menstrual cycle. Menstrual blood has been recognized as an antimicrobial agent against bacteria, especially E. coli and other Gram-negative bacteria. This coincided with the maqasid syariah of preserving soul since menstruation can also preserve women’s health. In addition, previous study reported that menstrual blood has stem cells that can be used for clinical activities in the future. Menstruation can also be considered as maqasid syariah of protecting the next generation due to consistency of the ‘fertile time’ for pregnancy planning purpose. Islam prohibits the sexual intercourse with women who are in menstruation because women at this state normally have a prevalence of premenstrual symptoms (PMS) that involves health issues. Thus, menstruation from science point of view is in agreement with maqasid syariah.

 

Keywords: Antimicrobial; maqasid syariah; menstruation; prevalence of premenstrual symptoms (PMS); stem cells

RUJUKAN

 

Al-Quran.

Abu Daud, Sulayman ibn al-Ash’ath. T.th. Sunan Abi Daud. Suntingan Muhammad Muhyi al-Din ‘Abd al-Hamid. 4 jil. Beirut: Maktabah al-‘Asriyyah.

Baird, D.D., Weinberg, C.R., Zhou, H., Kamel, F., McConnaughey, D.R. & Kesner, J.S. 1999. Preimplantation urinary hormone profiles and the probability of conception in healthy women. Fertil Steril 71: 40-49.

Beckman, C.R.B., Ling, F.W., Hebert, W.N.P., Laube, D.W., Smith, R.P. & Barzansky, B.M. 1998. Obstetrics and Gynecology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

Chan, R.W., Schwab, K.E. & Gargett, C.E. 2004. Clonogenicity of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. Biol. Reprod. 70: 1738-1750.

Cho, N.H., Park, Y.K., Kim, Y.T., Yang, H. & Kim, S.K. 2004. Lifetime expression of stem cell markers in the uterine endometrium. Fertil. Steril. 81: 403-407.

Cui, C.H., Uyama, T., Miyado, K., Terai, M., Kyo, S., Kiyono, T. & Umezawa, A. 2007. Menstrual blood-derived cells confer human dystrophin expression in the murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy via cellfusion and myogenic transdifferentiation. Mol. Biol. Cell 18: 1586-1594.

De Coppi, P., Barstsch, G., Siddiqui, M.M., Xu, T., Santos, C.C., Perin, L., Mostoslavsky, G., Serre, A.C., Snyder, E.Y., Yoo, J.J., Furth, M.E., Soker, S. & Atala, A. 2007. Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy. Nat. Biotech. 25: 100-106.

Dunson, D.B., Baird, D.D., Wilcox, A.J. & Weinberg, C.R. 1999. Day-specific probabilities of clinical pregnancy based on two studies with imperfect measures of ovulation. Hum. Reprod. 14: 1835-1839.

Egbert, R.V. & Peter, L.P. 2002. The variability of female reproductive ageing. Human Reproduction Update 8(2): 141-154.

Ferenczy, A. 2003. Patophysiology of endometrial bleeding. Maturitas 45: 1-14.

GFDL. https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35650. Diakses pada 16 Mei 2016.

Hechtman, L. 2014. Clinical Naturopathic Medicine. Australia: Elsevier Australia.

Medical dictionary. 2013. http://www.online-medical-dictionary. org/definitions-m/menstruation.html. Diakses pada 4 April 2016.

Ibn al-Najjar, Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Futuhi. 1993. Sharh al- Kawkab al-Munir. Suntingan Muhammad al-Zuhayli & Nazih Hammad. 4 jil. Riyadh: Maktabat al-‘Abikan.

Karelin, A.A., Blishchenko, E.Y. & Ivanov, V.T. 1998. A novel system of peptidergic regulation. FEBS Lett. 428(1-2): 7-12.

Kearns, M. & Lala, P.K. 1982. Bone marrow origin of decidual cell precursors in the pseudopregnant mouse uterus. J. Exp. Med. 155: 1537-1554.

King, A.E., Critchley, H.O. & Kelly, R.W. 2003. Innate immune defences in the human endometrium. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 1: 116-123.

Lamprecht, V.M. & Grummer-Strawn, L. 1996. Development of new formulas to identify the fertile time of the menstrual cycle. Contraception 54: 339-343.

Levy, O., Ooi, C.E., Weiss, J., Lehrer, R.I. & Elsbach, P. 1994. Individual and synergistic effects of rabbit granulocyte proteins on Escherichia coli. J. Clin. Invest. 94: 672-682.

Liepke, C., Baxmann, S., Heine, C., Breithaupt, N., Standker, L. & Forssmann, W.G. 2003. Human hemoglobin-derived peptides exhibit antimicrobial activity: A class of host defense peptides. J. Chromatogr. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 791: 345-356.

Ludwig, T.E., Levenstein, M.E., Jones, J.M., Berggren, W.T., Mitchen, E.R., Frane, J.L., Crandall, L.J., Daigh, C.A., Conard, K.R., Piekarczyk, M.S., Llanas, R.A. & Thomson J.A. 2006. Derivation of human embryonic stem cells in defined conditions. Nat. Biotechnol. 24: 185-187.

Mak, P., Szewczyk, A., Mickowska, B., Kici´nska, A. & Dubin, A. 2001. Effect of antimicrobial apomyoglobin 56-131 peptide on liposomes and planar lipid bilayer membrane. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 17: 137-142.

Mak, P., W´ojcik, K., Silberring, J. & Dubin, A. 2000. Antimicrobal peptides from heme-containing proteins: Hemocidins. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 77: 197-200.

Manges, A.R., Johnson, J.R., Foxman, B., O’Bryan, T.T., Fullerton, K.E. & Riley, L.W. 2001. Widespread distribution of urinary tract infections caused by a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli clonal group. N. Engl. J. Med. 345: 1007-1013.

Mat Napes, M., Sidi, H., Ahmad, S., Mohd Naim, N., Midin, M., Mohd Kassim, M.Z., Dahalan, R., Tan, L.K. & Ng, C.G. 2013. Prevalence and associated factors of sexual dysfunction in Malaysian menopausal women. Sains Malaysiana 42(7): 1011-1017.

Muhammad Adib Samsudin, Mohammad Zaini Yahaya, Mohd Izhar Ariff Mohd Kashim, Hayatullah Lalulddin, Ahmad Munawar Ismail, Rozida Mohd Khalid, Irwan Mohd Sobri & Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman. 2015. Establishment of Shari’ah supervisory committee in Hospital: An analysis from perspective of public interest. Asian Social Science 11(4): 43-47.

Nancy, F.W., Ada, M. & Gretchen, K.D. 1982. Prevalence of perimenstrual symptoms. Am. J. Public Health. 72(11): 1257-1264.

Nandoe, T.R.D., Hurtado, A., Levi, A.D., Grotenhuis, J.A. & Oudega, M. 2006. Bone marrow stromal cells for repair of the spinal cord: Towards clinical application. Cell Transplant 15: 563-577.

al-Nawawi, Muhyi al-Din Yahya ibn Sharaf. T.th. al-Majmu’ Sharh al-Muhadhdhab. 23 jil. Jedah: Maktabat al-Irshad.

al-Nawawi, Muhyi al-Din Yahya ibn Sharaf. 1992. Rawdat al- Talibin. 6 jil. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.

Parish, C.A., Jiang, H., Tokiwa, Y., Berova, N., Nakanishi, K., McCabe, D., Zuckerman, W., Xia, M.M. & Gabay, J.E. 2001. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of hemoglobin. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 9(2): 377-382.

Patel, A.N., Geffner, L., Vina, R.F., Saslavsky, J., Urschel Jr., H.C., Kormos, R. & Benetti, F. 2005. Surgical treatment for congestive heart failure with autologous adult stem cell transplantation: A prospective randomized study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 130: 1631-1638.

Petrov, R.V., Mikhailova, A.A. & Fonina, L.A. 1997. Bone marrow immunoregulatory peptides (myelopeptides): Isolation, structure, and functional activity. Biopolymers 43: 139-146.

Preethi, S. & Jayanthi, A. 2012. Antimicrobial properties of haemoglobin. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology 34(6): 896-900.

Quayle, A.J. 2002. The innate and early immune response to pathogen challenge in the female genital tract and the pivotal role of epithelial cells. J. Reprod. Immunol. 57: 61-79.

Richard, E.J. & Kristin, H.L. 2014. Human Reproductive Biology. 4th ed. Oxford: Elsevier’s Science & Technology Right Department. hlm. 54.

Russell, M.W. & Mestecky, J. 2002. Humoral immune responses to microbial infections in the genital tract. Microbes Infect. 4: 667-677.

Saunders, N.J. & Cohen, J. 1995. A study of the interaction between recombinant bactericidal permeability increasing protein (rBPI23) and gentamycin. Int. J. Antimic. Agents 5: 259-263.

Schwab, K.E. & Gargett, C.E. 2007. Co-expression of two peri vascular cell markers isolates mesenchymal stem-like cells from human endometrium. Hum. Reprod. 22: 2903-2911.

Shai, Y. 1999. Mechanism of the binding, insertion and destabilization of phospholipid bilayer membranes by alpha-helical antimicrobial and cell non-selective membrane-lytic peptides. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1462: 55-70.

al-Sharbini, Shams al-Din Muhammad bin Muhammad al Khatib. 1994. Mughi al-Muhtaj Ila Ma’rifat Ma’ani Alfaz al-Minhaj. 6 jil. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.

al-Shatibiyy, Ibrahim bin Musa al Lakhmiyy. T.th. al Muwafaqat fi Usul al-Shari’ah.sunt. Abdullah Darraz. 2 jil. Beirut: Dar al Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.

Taylor, H.S. 2004. Endometrial cells derived from donor stem cells in bone marrow transplant recipients. JAMA 292: 81-85.

Thomson, J.A., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., Shapiro, S.S., Waknitz, M.A., Swiergiel, J.J., Marshall, V.S. & Jones, J.M. 1998. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282: 1145-1147.

Toma, C., Pittenger, M.F., Cahill, K.S., Byrne, B.J. & Kessler, P.D. 2002. Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation 105: 93-98.

Treloar, A.E., Boynton, R.E., Behn, B.G. & Brown, B.W. 1967. Variation of the human menstrual cycle through reproductive life. Int. J. Fertil. 12: 77-126.

Vilquin, J.T. & Rosset, P. 2006 Mesenchymal stem cells in bone and cartilage repair: Current status. Regen. Med. 1: 589-604.

Wilcox, A.J., Weinberg, C.R. & Baird, D.D. 1998. Post-ovulatory ageing of the human oocyte and embryo failure. Hum. Reprod. 13: 394-397.

Wilcox, A.J., Weinberg, C.R. & Baird, D.D. 1995. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation: Effects on the probability of conception, survival of the pregnancy and sex of the baby. N. Engl. J. Med. 333: 517-521.

Zainal Ariffin, S.H., Zainal Abidin, I.Z., Senafi, S., Mahadi, N.M., Abdul Wahab, R.M. & Zainal Ariffin, Z. 2005. Sel stem dalam perkembangan darah. Sains Malaysiana 34(2): 1-7.

Zurita, M. & Vaquero, J. 2004. Functional recovery in chronic paraplegia after bone marrow stromal cells transplantation. Neuroreport 15: 1105-1108.

 

 

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: adib@ukm.edu.my