Sains Malaysiana 45(3)(2016): 339–346

Comparative Effects of Different Soil Conditioners on Wheat Growth and Yield Grown in Saline-sodic Soils

(Kesan Bandingan Penyubur Tanah Berbeza ke atas Tumbesaran Gandum dan Pengeluaran dalam Tanah Salin-sodik)

MUHAMMAD ZIA-UR-REHMAN¹, MUHAMMAD RIZWAN²*, MUHAMMAD SABIR¹, SHAHJAHAN¹, SHAFAQAT ALI² & HAMAAD RAZA AHMED¹

¹Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan

²Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University

Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan

Diserahkan: 03 Jun 2015/Diterima: 25 Ogos 2015

ABSTRACT

Among abiotic stresses, salinity is the main abiotic stress limiting crop growth and yield worldwide. Improving agri-food production in salt-prone areas is the key to meet the increasing food demands in near future. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different soil conditioners, gypsum (GYP), citric acid (CA), ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in saline-sodic soil. Gypsum was applied at a rate of 100% soil gypsum requirement while other amendments were applied each at a rate of 5 g kg-1 of soil. The results showed that EDTA treatment increased pH and electrical conductivity (ECe) of soil while pH significantly decreased when treated with citric acid. Soil sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) decreased in all treatments following the order: CT > PVA > EDTA > CA > GYP. Addition of CA positively affected growth parameters as compared to other soil conditioners including plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant, plant dry weight and grain yield while EDTA negatively affected these parameters. Addition of CA also significantly increased photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and chlorophyll contents while EDTA decreased these parameters. We conclude that increase in plant growth and yield with CA might be due to the effect of CA on soil properties which positively affected plant physiological parameters.

Keywords: Biomass; photosynthesis; salinity; soil amendments; wheat

ABSTRAK

Antara tekanan abiotik, kemasinan ialah tekanan abiotik utama yang menghadkan pertumbuhan tanaman dan hasil di seluruh dunia. Meningkatkan pengeluaran makanan pertanian di kawasan terdedah garam adalah kunci untuk memenuhi permintaan makanan yang semakin meningkat pada masa hadapan. Percubaan rumah hijau telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan berbeza penyubur tanah, Gipsum (GYP), asid sitrik (CA), asid tetraasetik diamina etilena (EDTA) dan alkohol polivinil (PVA) ke atas pertumbuhan dan hasil gandum (Triticum aestivum L.) yang ditanam di tanah salin sodic. Gipsum diaplikasikan pada kadar 100% di tanah keperluan Gipsum manakala pindaan lain digunakan masing-masing pada kadar 5 g kg-1 tanah. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa rawatan EDTA meningkatkan pH dan pengaliran elektrik (ECe) tanah manakala pH ketara berkurangan apabila dirawat dengan asid sitrik. Nisbah penjerapan tanah sodium (SAR) dan peratus sodium boleh tukar (ESP) menurun pada semua rawatan diikuti aturan berikut: CT > PVA > EDTA > CA > GYP. Penambahan CA mempengaruhi parameter pertumbuhan secara positif jika dibandingkan dengan penyubur tanah lain termasuk ketinggian tumbuhan, bilangan tiler setiap pokok, bilangan pancang setiap pokok, berat kering tanaman dan hasil bijirin manakala EDTA mempengaruhi parameter pertumbuhan ini secara negatif. Penambahan CA turut meningkatkan kadar fotosintetik, penggunaan stomatal, kadar transpirasi dan kandungan klorofil manakala EDTA menurunkan parameter ini. Kami menyimpulkan bahawa peningkatan dalam pertumbuhan tumbuhan dan hasil dengan CA mungkin disebabkan oleh kesan CA terhadap sifat tanah yang mempengaruhi parameter fisiologi pertumbuhan secara positif.

Kata kunci: Biojisim; fotosintesis; gandum; kemasinan; pindaan tanah

RUJUKAN

Akhter, M.S. & Niazi, B.H. 1986. Nutrient dynamics during the reclamation of calcareous saline-sodic soil with hydrochloric acid. Pak. J. Agr. Res. 7: 221-226.

Ali, Y., Sarwar, G. & Hussain, F. 2005. Genotylic and environmental interaction in advanced lines of wheat under salt affected soils environment of Punjab. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 3: 223-228.

Ali, S., Chaudhary, A., Rizwan, M., Anwar, H.T., Adrees, M., Farid, M., Irshad, M.K., Hayat, T. & Anjum, S.A. 2015a. Alleviation of chromium toxicity by glycinebetaine is related to elevated antioxidant enzymes and suppressed chromium uptake and oxidative stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22: 10669-10678.

Ali, S., Bharwana, S.A., Rizwan, M., Farid, M., Kanwal, S., Ali, Q., Ibrahim, M., Gill, R.A. & Khan, M.D. 2015b. Fulvic acid mediates chromium (Cr) tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through lowering of Cr uptake and improved antioxidant defense system. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22: 10601-10609.

Anonymous. 2011. Statistcs of Pakistan Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Live stock wing, economic division, Islamabad.

Ayars, J.E. &Tanji, K.K. 1999. Effects of drainage on water quality in arid and semiarid lands. In Agricultural Drainage. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, edited by Skaggs, R.V. & van Schilfgaarde, J. pp. 831-867.

Barzegar, A.R., Nelson, P.N., Oades, J.M. & Rengasamy, P. 1997. Organic matter, sodicity and clay type: Influence of soil aggregation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61: 1131-1137.

Ben-Hur, M. & Keren, R. 1997. Polymer effects on water infiltration and soil aggregation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 16: 56-60.

Bouyoucos, G.J. 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis. Agron. J. 54: 464-465.

Bresler, E., McNeal, B.L. & Carter, D.L. 1982. Saline and Sodic Soils: Principles-Dynamics-Modeling. New York: Springer- Verlag.

Chen, K., Hu, G., Keutgen, N., Janssens, M.J.J. & Lenz, F. 1999. Effects of NaCl salinity and CO₂ enrichment on pepino (Solanum muricatum Ait.): II. Leaf photosynthetic properties and gas exchange. Sci. Horti. 81: 43-56.

Chhabra, R. 1994. Soil Salinity and Water Quality. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publ., Co.

Farooq, M., Hussain, M., Wakeel, A. & Siddique, K.H. 2015. Salt stress in maize: Effects, resistance mechanisms, and management. A review. Agron. Sustain. Develop. 35: 461-481.

Fidalgo, F., Santos, A., Santos, I. & Salema, R. 2004. Effects of long term salt stress on antioxidant defence systems, leaf water relations and chloroplast ultrastructure of potato plants. Ann. Appl. Biol. 145: 185-192.

Ghafoor, A., Hassan, M.A., Murtaza, G. & Qadir, M. 2001. Gypsum. An economical amendment for amelioration of saline - sodic water and soils and for improving crop yield. Int. J. Agr. Biol. 3: 266-275.

Grattan, S.R. & Greeve, C.M. 1999. Salinity- mineral nutrient relations in horticultural crops. Sci. Hort. 78: 127-157.

Grover, A. 1993. How do senescing leaves lose photosynthetic activity? Curr. Sci. 64: 226-234.

James, R., Rivelli, A.R., Munns, R. & von Caemmerer, S. 2002. Factors affecting Co2 assimilation, leaf injury and growth in salt-stressed durum wheat. Funct. Plant Boil. 29: 1393-1403.

Jhurry, D. 1997. Agricultural Polymers. Food and Agricultural Research Council, Réduit, Mauritius.

Kamboh, M.A., Oki, Y. & Adachi, T. 2000. Effect of pre-sowing seed treatment on germination and early seedling growth of wheat varieties under saline conditions. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 46: 249-255.

Koyro, H.W. 2006. Effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis, water relations and solute composition of the potential cash crop halophyte Plantago coronopus (L.). Environ. Exp. Bot. 56: 136-146.

Latif, M. & Beg, A. 2004. Hydrosalinity issues, challenges and options in OIC member states. In International Proceeding Training Workshop on Hydrosalinity Abatement and Advance Techniques for Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture, Lahore, Pakistan, edited by M. Latif et al. (eds.). September 20-25. p. 1-14.

Mahajan, S. & Tuteja, N. 2005. Cold, salinity and drought stresses: An overview. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 444: 139-158.

Mahdy, A.H. 2011. Comparative effects of different soil amendments on Amelioration of saline-sodic soils. Soil & Water Res. 6: 205-216.

Mass, E.V. & Grieve, C.M. 1990. Spike and leaf development in salt stressed wheat. Crop Sci. 30: 1309-1313.

Mengel, K. & Kirkby, E.A. 2001. Principles of Plant Nutrition. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Moradi, F. & Ismail, A.M. 2007. Responses of photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and ROS - scavenging systems to salt stress during seedling and reproductive stages in Rice. Ann. Bot. 99: 1161-1173.

Munns, R. & Tester, M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 59: 651-681.

Nagata, M. & Yamashota, I. 1992. Simple method for simultaneous determination of chlorophyll and carotenoids in tomato fruit. J. Japan Soc. Food Sci. Technol. 39: 925-928.

Naidu, R. & Rengasamy, P. 1993. Ion interactions and constrains to plant nutrition in Australian sodic soils. Aus. J. Soil Res. 31: 801-819.

Nicolas, M.E., Mums, R., Samarakoon, A.B. & Gifford, R.M. 1993. Elevsted Co? Improves the growth of wheat under salinity. Aus. J. Plant Physiol. 20: 349-360.

Ouerghi, Z., Cornic, G., Roudani, M., Ayadi, A. & Brulefert, J. 2000. Effect of NaCl on photosynthesis of two wheat species (Triticum durum and T. aestivum L.) differening in their sensitivity to salt stress. J. Plant Physiol. 156: 335-340.

Parida, A.K. & Das, A.B. 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 60: 324-349.

Qadir, M. & Oster, J.D. 2004. Crop and irrigation management strategies for saline-sodic soils and water aimed at environmentally sustainable agriculture. Sci. Total Environ. 323: 1-9.

Qadir, M. & Schubert, S. 2002. Degradation processes and nutrient constraints in sodic soils. Land Degrad. Develop. 13: 275-293.

Qadir, M., Schubert, S., Ghafoor, A. & Murtaza, G. 2001. Amelioration strategies for sodic soils: A review. Land Degrad. Develop. 12: 357-386.

Rajpar, I. & Sial, N.B. 2002. Effect of soil salinity and sodicity with and without soil conditioner (Polyacrylamide) on the seedling emergence and growth of different wheat varieties. Pak. J. Appl. Sci. 216: 631-636.

Rashid, A., Khan, R.U. & Marwat, S.K. 2009. Response of wheat to soil amendments with poor quality irrigation water in salt affected soil. World J. Agr. Sci. 5: 422-424.

Schoonover, W.R. 1952. Examination of Soils for Alkali. Univ. California Ext. Service, Baerkely, C.A, USA.

Sharma, R.D., Ali, S. & Pant, G.B. 1996. Effect of soil amendments on rice yield. IRRI Notes 21: 72-73.

Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H. & Dickey, D.A. 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics, A Biometric Approach. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill Book. Co. Inc.

US salinity laboratory staff. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Handbook no. 60. Washington: US government printing office.

Wei, Y., Xu, X., Tao, H. & Wang, P. 2006. Growth performance and physiological response in the halophyte Lycium barbarum grown at salt-affected soil. Ann. Appl. Biol. 149: 263-269.

Yang, G.T. & Wang, H.Y. 2005. Study on the Regulation Function of Woody Vinegars for Plant Growth. Northeast Forestry University China.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: mrazi1532@yahoo.com