Sains Malaysiana 48(5)(2019): 927–936

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4805-01

 

Tannery Effluent Induced Morpho-Biochemical Expressions and Chromium Accumulation in Jatropha curcas L. and Pongamia pinnata L.

(Efluen Kilang Kulit Mengaruh Pengekspresan Biokimia-Morfologi dan Pengumpulan Kromium pada Jatropha curcas L. dan Pongamia pinnata L.)

 

RAFIA ABID*, SEEMA MAHMOOD, SHAZIA GHAFFAR, SAMAN ZAHRA & SIBGHA NOREEN

 

Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-60800, Pakistan

 

Diserahkan: 28 September 2018/Diterima: 27 Mac 2019

 

ABSTRACT

The use of effluent from various industries by agriculture sector in developing countries may help to mitigate water scarcity and cost of fertilizers but pose considerable threats to entire ecosystem when heavy metals enter the food chain. The aim of the present study was to compare the growth and development of two biofuel tree species Jatropha curcas L. and Pongamia pinnata L. when exposed to 20 and 40 mL L−1 of effluent discharged from a local tannery along with tap water as a control. The physico-chemical attributes assessed for quality of effluent showed higher values and significantly higher chromium (Cr) concentration than other metals. Application of effluent induced profound formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in P. pinnata. With regard to growth and pigments of plant species, a significant reduction (p≤0.05) in root length, dry shoot biomass, leaf area, chlorophylls and carotenoids occurred in P. pinnata but shoot length, collar diameter and root dry biomass remained unaffected. Similarly, J. curcas sustained root and shoot growth, dry biomass production, collar diameter and leaf area. Increased pigment contents were found at both effluent levels. The roots of P. pinnata accumulated 6 and 11 times more Cr at 20 and 40 mL L−1, respectively, than control. While in J. curcas Cr accumulation was up to 9 folds in shoots at 40 mL L−1. Thus, the two species exhibited differential potential for Cr accumulation in their above and below ground tissues. The study signified the use of contaminated water for irrigation and potential of the species to act as phytoremediator to alleviate both water scarcity and metal contamination.

 

Keywords: Biofuel tree species; chlorophyll pigment; Cr in plant parts; MDA content; tannery effluent

 

ABSTRAK

Penggunaan efluen daripada pelbagai industri dalam sektor pertanian di negara-negara membangun boleh mengatasi kekurangan air dan kos untuk baja tetapi menimbulkan ancaman kepada seluruh ekosistem apabila logam berat memasuki rantaian makanan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan perkembangan dan pembangunan dua spesies pokok bahan api biologi Jatropha curcas L. dan Pongamia pinnata L. apabila didedahkan kepada 20 dan 40 mL L−1 efluen yang dilepaskan daripada yang kilang kulit tempatan bersama-sama dengan air paip sebagai kawalan. Atribut fiziko-kimia yang dinilai untuk kualiti efluen menunjukkan nilai yang lebih tinggi dan kepekatan kromium (Cr) jauh lebih tinggi daripada lain-lain logam. Penggunaan efluen mengaruh pembentukan secara mendalam untuk malondialdehid (MDA) pada P. pinnata. Dengan mengambil kira pertumbuhan dan pigmen spesies tumbuhan, pengurangan ketara (p≤0.05) pada panjang akar, biojisim pucuk kering, keluasan daun, klorofil dan karotenoid berlaku dalam P. pinnata tetapi panjang pucuk, diameter kolar dan biojisim pucuk kering kekal tidak terjejas. Dengan cara yang sama, J. curcas mengekalkan pertumbuhan akar dan pucuk, pengeluaran biojisim kering, diameter kolar dan keluasan daun. Peningkatan kandungan pigmen dilihat pada kedua-dua peringkat efluen. Akar P. pinnata masing-masing mengumpul 6 dan 11 kali lebih banyak Cr pada 20 dan 40 mL L−1, daripada kawalan. Manakala pengumpulan Cr dalam pucuk J. curcas adalah sehingga 9 kali ganda pada 40 mL L−1. Oleh itu, kedua-dua spesies menunjukkan potensi berbeza dalam pengumpulan Cr untuk tisu asas atas dan bawah. Kajian ini mencadangkan penggunaan air tercemar untuk pengairan dan potensi spesies untuk bertindak sebagai fitopemulih dalam mengatasi kekurangan air serta pencemaran logam.

 

Kata kunci: Cr pada bahagian tumbuhan; efluen kilang kulit; kandungan MDA; pigmen klorofil; spesies pokok bahan api biologi

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: profrafia@gmail.com