Sains Malaysiana 48(8)(2019): 1685–1695

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4808-14

Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity of Orthodontic Bonding Adhesives: A Review

(Kegenotoksikan dan Kesitotoksikan Pelekat Ikatan Ortodontik: Suatu Kajian)

RIAZ MOHAMMAD ADHAM¹, NORMA AB RAHMAN¹* & THIRUMULU PONNURAJ KANNAN^1,2

¹School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Darul Naim, Malaysia

²Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Darul Naim, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 26 Oktober 2018/Diterima: 8 Mei 2019

ABSTRACT

Orthodontic bonding adhesive is one of the integral parts of orthodontic treatment. By means of orthodontic bonding adhesives, different components of fixed orthodontic appliances are attached to the tooth surface. Manufacturers have been introducing various bonding adhesives as there is an increasing demand for orthodontic treatment presently. Focus has been made more on the physical properties of these bonding adhesives rather than their biocompatibility. As orthodontic treatment is a long-time process, the bonding adhesives also remain in close proximity with intra-oral tissues. Therefore, biocompatibility of these adhesives in respect to their genotoxicity and cytotoxicity should be a concern while clinically implicating them. The aim of this review was to provide information about the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity effects of various orthodontic bonding adhesives. An electronic search was conducted across Cochrane, Medline, Web of Science databases, and Google Scholar for literature analysis on the mentioned topic. The studies were reviewed and compared. This article summarizes the results of research studies that have been done to see the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of orthodontic bonding adhesives. Most research studies summarized in this review article concluded that orthodontic bonding adhesives show some extent of either genotoxicity or cytotoxicity or both. There is still a lack of scientific literature on long-term in vivo studies on the toxic effects of these adhesives. It is advisable to employ several genetic assays and standardized methods for genotoxic evaluation of bonding adhesives through longtime clinical in vivo studies.

Keywords: Adhesives; bonding; cytotoxicity; genotoxicity; orthodontic

ABSTRAK

Pelekat ikatan ortodontik adalah salah sebahagian daripada rawatan ortodontik. Menggunakan sistem ikatan ortodontik ini, komponen peralatan ortodontik dapat melekat pada permukaan gigi. Pengilang telah memperkenalkan pelbagai jenis pelekat ikatan ortodontik kerana terdapat peningkatan permintaan untuk rawatan ortodontik pada masa ini yang memfokuskan pada sifat fizikal pelekatan ikatan ini. Oleh kerana rawatan ortodontik adalah proses jangka panjang, pelekat ikatan ortodontik mungkin mempunyai hubungan dengan tisu intra-oral mulut. Oleh itu, bioserasi pelekat, dengan tumpuan kepada kegenotoksikan dan kesitotoksikan telah menjadi perhatian apabila diuji secara klinikal. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk memberikan maklumat tentang kesan kegenotoksikan dan kesitotoksikan daripada pelbagai jenis pelekat ikatan ortodontik. Carian elektronik dijalankan melalui pangkalan data Cochrane, Medline, Web of Science, dan Google Scholar untuk analisis kepada topik yang disebutkan. Kertas ini merumuskan hasil kajian penyelidikan yang telah dilakukan untuk melihat kesan kegenotoksikan dan kesitotoksikan pelekat ikatan ortodontik. Kebanyakan kajian penyelidikan yang menyimpulkan bahawa pelekat ikatan ortodontik menunjukkan beberapa tahap kegenotoksikan atau kesitotoksikan atau kedua-duanya. Masih kurang keputusan saintifik mengenai kajianin vivo jangka panjang mengenai kesan toksik pelekat ikatan ortodontik ini. Dengan itu adalah disarankan untuk menggunakan beberapa jenis ujian genetik untuk membuat penilaian genotoksik pelekat ikatan ortodontik untuk kajianin vivo klinikal jangka panjang.

Kata kunci: Ikatan; kegenotoksikan; kesitotoksikan; ortodontik; pelekat

RUJUKAN

Ahrari, F., Tavakkol Afshari, J., Poosti, M. & Brook, A. 2010. Cytotoxicity of orthodontic bonding adhesive resins on human oral fibroblasts. The European Journal of Orthodontics 32(6): 688-692.

Aldridge, W. 1993. The biochemical principles of toxicology. Experimental Toxicology 5: 56-78.

Angelieri, F., da Silva, Y.S. & Ribeiro, D.A. 2018. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced by eluates from orthodontic glass ionomer cements in vitro. The Saudi Dental Journal 30(1): 38-42.

Angelieri, F., Joias, R.P., Bresciani, E., Noguti, J. & Ribeiro, D.A. 2012. Orthodontic cements induce genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in mammalian cells in vitro. Dental Research Journal 9(4): 393-398.

Angelieri, F., Carlin, V., Martins, R.A. & Ribeiro, D.A. 2011a. Biomonitoring of mutagenicity and cytotoxicity in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 139(4): e399-e404.

Angelieri, F., Marcondes, J.P.C., de Almeida, D.C., Salvadori, D.M. & Ribeiro, D.A. 2011b. Genotoxicity of corrosion eluates obtained from orthodontic brackets in vitro. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 139(4): 504-509.

Angiero, F., Farronato, G., Dessy, E., Magistro, S., Seramondi, R., Farronato, D., Benedicenti, S. & Tete, S. 2009. Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of orthodontic bonding adhesives upon human gingival papillae through immunohistochemical expression of p53, p63 and p16. Anticancer Research 29(10): 3983-3987.

Assad, M., Lombardi, S., Berneche, S., Desrosiers, E., Yahia, L. & Rivard, C.H. 1994. Assays of cytotoxicity of the nickel-titanium shape memory alloy. Proceedings from Annales de chirurgie.

Bishara, S.E., Von Wald, L. & Zamtua, J. 1998. Effects of different types of light guides on shear bond strength. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 114(4): 447-451.

Brendler-Schwaab, S., Hartmann, A., Pfuhler, S. & Speit, G. 2005. The in vivo comet assay: Use and status in genotoxicity testing. Mutagenesis 20(4): 245-254.

Bull, S., Fletcher, K., Boobis, A. & Battershill, J. 2006. Evidence for genotoxicity of pesticides in pesticide applicators: A review. Mutagenesis 21(2): 93-103.

Cross, N.G., Taylor, R.F. & Nunez, L.J. 1983. ‘Single-step’ orthodontic bonding systems: Possible mutagenic potential. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 84(4): 344-350.

Eliades, G. & Caputo, A. 1989. The strength of layering technique in visible light-cured composites. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 61(1): 31-38.

Falconi, M., Teti, G., Zago, M., Pelotti, S., Breschi, L. & Mazzotti, G. 2007. Effects of HEMA on type I collagen protein in human gingival fibroblasts. Cell Biology and Toxicology 23(5): 313-322.

Forss, H. 1993. Release of fluoride and other elements from light-cured glass lonomers in neutral and acidic conditions. Journal of Dental Research 72(8): 1257-1262.

Fredericks, H.E. 1981. Mutagenic potential of orthodontic bonding materials. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 80(3): 316-324.

Hanks, C., Strawn, S., Watahai, J. & Craig, R. 1991. Cytotoxic effects of resin components on cultured mammalian fibroblasts. Journal of Dental Research 70(11): 1450-1455.

Hanks, C., Wataha, J., Parsell, R. & Strawn, S. 1992. Delineation of cytotoxic concentrations of two dentin bonding agents in vitro. Journal of Endodontics 18(12): 589-596.

Heravi, F., Ramezani, M., Poosti, M., Hosseini, M., Shajiei, A. & Ahrari, F. 2013. In vitro cytotoxicity assessment of an orthodontic composite containing titanium-dioxide nano-particles. Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 7(4): 192-198.

Huang, T.H., Tsai, C.Y., Chen, S.L. & Kao, C.T. 2002. An evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of orthodontic bonding adhesives upon a primary human oral gingival fibroblast culture and a permanent, human oral cancer-cell line. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 63(6): 814-821.

Jagdish, N., Padmanabhan, S., Chitharanjan, A.B., Revathi, J., Palani, G., Sambasivam, M., Sheriff, K. & Saravanamurali, K. 2009. Cytotoxicity and degree of conversion of orthodontic adhesives. The Angle Orthodontist 79(6): 1133-1138.

Jonke, E., Franz, A., Freudenthaler, J., König, F., Bantleon, H.P. & Schedle, A. 2008. Cytotoxicity and shear bond strength of four orthodontic adhesive systems. The European Journal of Orthodontics 30(5): 495-502.

Malkoc, S., Corekci, B., Ulker, H.E., Yalçın, M. & Şengün, A. 2010. Cytotoxic effects of orthodontic composites. The Angle Orthodontist 80(4): 759-764.

McKelvey-Martin, V., Green, M., Schmezer, P., Pool-Zobel, B., De Meo, M. & Collins, A. 1993. The single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay): A European review. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 288(1): 47-63.

Müller, B., Eisenträger, A., Jahnen-Dechent, W., Dott, W. & Hollender, J. 2003. Effect of sample preparation on the in vitro genotoxicity of a light curable glass ionomer cement. Biomaterials 24(4): 611-617.

Murray, P.E., García Godoy, C. & García Godoy, F. 2007. How is the biocompatibilty of dental biomaterials evaluated? Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal (Internet) 12(3): 258-266.

Ozturk, F., Toy, E., Hatunoglu, E., Bozkurt, B.S. & Hakki, S.S. 2014. Real-time cell analysis of cytotoxicity of orthodontic cements on gingival fibroblasts. Journal of Orthodontic Research 2: 32-37.

Peutzfeldt, A. & Asmussen, E. 1989. Oxygen-inhibited surface layers on microfill pontic. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica47(1): 31-33.

Ravi, M., Vijay, R., Kumari, S. & Panchasara, C. 2013. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of orthodontic adhesives on human lymphocyte-An in vitro study. Medicine Sciences 2(4): 820.

Ribeiro, D., Marques, M.E.A. & Salvadori, D.M.F. 2006a. Biocompatibility of glass-ionomer cements using mouse lymphoma cells in vitro. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 33(12): 912-917.

Ribeiro, D.A., Marques, M.E.A. & Salvadori, D.M.F. 2006b. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of glass ionomer cements on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 17(6): 495-500.

Rix, D., Foley, T.F. & Mamandras, A. 2001. Comparison of bond strength of three adhesives: Composite resin, hybrid GIC, and glass-filled GIC. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 119(1): 36-42.

Rueggeberg, F. & Margeson, D. 1990. The effect of oxygen inhibition on an unfilled/filled composite system. Journal of Dental Research 69(10): 1652-1658.

Rueggeberg, F.A., Maher, F.T. & Kelly, M.T. 1992. Thermal properties of a methyl methacrylate-based orthodontic bonding adhesive. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 101(4): 342-349.

Ruyter, I.E. 1981. Unpolymerized surface layers on sealants. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica39(1): 27-32.

Saito, K., Hayakawa, T., Kawabata, R., Meguro, D. & Kasai, K. 2009. In vitro antibacterial and cytotoxicity assessments of an orthodontic bonding agent containing benzalkonium chloride. The Angle Orthodontist 79(2): 331-337.

Santos, R.L.d., Pithon, M.M., Fernandes, A.B.N., Cabral, M.G. & Ruellas, A.C.d.O. 2010. Biocompatibility of orthodontic adhesives in rat subcutaneous tissue. Journal of Applied Oral Science 18(5): 503-508.

Schweikl, H., Schmalz, G. & Spruss, T. 2001. The induction of micronuclei in vitro by unpolymerized resin monomers. Journal of Dental Research 80(7): 1615-1620.

Stick, H.F. & Rosin, M.P. 1983. Quantitating the synergistic effect of smoking and alcohol consumption with the micronucleus test on human buccal mucosa cells. International Journal of Cancer 31(3): 305-308.

Tang, A.T., Liu, Y., Björkman, L. & Ekstrand, J. 1999. In vitro cytotoxicity of orthodontic bonding resins on human oral fibroblasts. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 116(2): 132-138.

Terhune, W.F., Sydiskis, R.J. & Davidson, W.M. 1983. In vitro cytotoxicity of orthodontic bonding materials. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 83(6): 501-506.

Tice, R.R., Agurell, E., Anderson, D., Burlinson, B., Hartmann, A., Kobayashi, H., Miyamae, Y., Rojas, E., Ryu, J.C. & Sasaki, Y. 2000. Single cell gel/comet assay: Guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 35(3): 206-221.

Toy, E., Yuksel, S., Ozturk, F., Karatas, O.H. & Yalcin, M. 2014. Evaluation of the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the buccal epithelial cells of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with three light-cured bonding composites by using micronucleus testing. The Korean Journal of Orthodontics 44(3): 128-135.

Vande Vannet, B.M.R.A. & Hanssens, J.L. 2007. Cytotoxicity of two bonding adhesives assessed by three-dimensional cell culture. The Angle Orthodontist 77(4): 716-722.

Wright, A.B., Lee, R.T., Lynch, E. & Young, K.A. 1996. Clinical and microbiologic evaluation of a resin modified glass ionomer cement for orthodontic bonding. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 110(5): 469- 475.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: drnorma@usm.my