Sains Malaysiana 50(10)(2021): 2957-2964

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5010-10

Determination of the Effects of Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) Heavy Metals on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization

(Kesan Logam Berat Tembaga (Cu) dan Plumbum (Pb) pada Tanah Pemineralan Karbon dan Nitrogen)

NACİDE KIZILDAĞ*

Çukurova University, Central Research Laboratory, 01330, Adana, Turkey

Diserahkan: 18 Disember 2020/Diterima: 18 Mac 2021

ABSTRACT

Heavy metal (HM) pollution has become one of the most important environmental problems of the present day, as a result of the developing industrial activities. Accordingly, it is important to understand microorganism activities in soil ecosystems that have been exposed to HMs for a long time.  The aim of this study was to show the potential effects of ores on soil carbon and nitrogen mineralizations which were taken from copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) mines in Balıkesir-Balya and Kastamonu-Küre districts in Turkey. The carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralizations were determined by using the CO₂ respiration method (30 days) and the Parnas Wagner method (42 days) under the controlled laboratory conditions (28 °C, 80% of field capacity), respectively. It was observed that carbon mineralization decreased depending on the dose increase. 250 mg kg^-1 treatment with Pb was lower than the control and there was a significant difference between them (P < 0.001). In terms of nitrogen mineralization rate (%), there was no significant difference among all treatments. According to the results, Pb affected microorganisms more negatively; however, the presence of Cu slightly decreased its negative effect. It is possible to conclude that carbon mineralization can be indicator for HM pollution in the soil. However, nitrogen mineralization was not a determining factor at HM pollution in this study.

Keywords: Carbon mineralization; heavy metal; nitrogen mineralization; organic matter; soil pollution

ABSTRAK

Pencemaran logam berat (HM) telah menjadi salah satu masalah persekitaran yang paling penting pada masa kini akibat daripada aktiviti industri yang sedang berkembang. Oleh itu, penting untuk memahami aktiviti mikroorganisma dalam ekosistem tanah yang telah lama terdedah kepada HM. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mendedahkan kemungkinan kesan bijih pada mineral tanah dan mineral nitrogen yang diambil daripada lombong tembaga (Cu) dan timah (Pb) di daerah Balıkesir-Balya dan Kastamonu-Küre di Turki. Pemineralan karbon (C) dan nitrogen (N) ditentukan dengan menggunakan kaedah respirasi CO₂ (30 hari) dan kaedah Parnas Wagner (42 hari) di bawah keadaan makmal terkawal (28 °C, 80% kapasiti medan), masing-masing. Telah diperhatikan bahawa pemineralan karbon menurun bergantung pada peningkatan dos. Rawatan 250 mg kg^-1 dengan Pb lebih rendah daripada kawalan dan terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara mereka (P <0.001). Daripada segi kadar pemineralan nitrogen (%), tidak ada perbezaan yang signifikan antara semua rawatan. Menurut hasilnya, Pb mempengaruhi mikroorganisma dengan lebih negatif; namun, kehadiran Cu sedikit mengurangkan kesan negatifnya. Adalah mungkin untuk menyimpulkan bahawa pemineralan karbon dapat menjadi petunjuk untuk pencemaran HM di dalam tanah. Walau bagaimanapun, pemineralan nitrogen bukanlah faktor penentu pencemaran HM dalam kajian ini.

Kata kunci: Bahan organik; logam berat; pemineralan karbon; pemineralan nitrogen; pencemaran tanah

RUJUKAN

Aka Sagliker, H. & Darici, C. 2004. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization of lead treated soils in the eastern mediterranean region, Turkey. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal 13(3): 255-265.

Ali, H., Khan, E. & Sajad, M.A. 2013. Phytoremediation of heavy metals - Concepts and applications. Chemosphere 91: 869-881.

Alvarez, A., Saez, J.M., Davila Costa, J.S., Colin, V.L., Fuentes, M.S., Cuozzo, S.A., Benimeli, C.S., Polti, M.A. & Amoroso, M.J. 2017. Actinobacteria: Current research and perspectives for bioremediation of pesticides and heavy metals. Chemosphere 166: 41-62.

Askari, M.S., Alamdari, P., Chahardoli, S. & Afshari, A. 2020. Quantification of heavy metal pollution for environmental assessment of soil condition. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192: 162.

Bouyoucos, G.S. 1951. A recalibration of the hydrometer for making mechanical analysis of soil. Agronomy Journal 43: 434-438.

Benlot, C. 1977. Recherches sur les activites biochimiques dans les successions de sols derives de cendres volcaniques sous climat tropical humide (Zaire- Indonesie). ENS Lab., De Zoologie, Paris. pp. 73-76.

Cela, S. & Sumner, M.E. 2002. Critical concentrations of copper, nickel, lead, and cadmium in soils based on nitrification. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33: 19-30.

Dai, J., Becquer, T., Rouiller, J.H., Reversat, G., Bernhard-Reversat, F. & Lavelle,  P. 2004. Influence of heavy metals on C and N mineralization and microbial biomass in Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd contaminated soils. Applied Soil Ecology 25: 99-109.

Demiralay, I. 1993. Toprak fiziksel analizleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları 143: 6-51.

Duchaufour, P. 1970. Precis de Pedologie. Masson et Cie.

Fernandes, R.B.A., Luz, W.V., Fontes, M.P.F. & Fontes, L.E.F. 2007. Avaliação  da  concentração  de  metais  pesados  em  áreas olerícolas  no  Estado  de  Minas  Gerais. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental-Agriambi 11: 81-93.

Fernández, S., Cotos-Yáñez, T., Roca-Pardiñas, J. & Ordóñez, C. 2018. Geographically weighted principal components analysis to assess diffuse pollution sources of soil heavy metal: Application to rough mountain areas in Northwest Spain. Geoderma 311: 120-129.

Festa, R.A. & Thiele, D.J. 2011. Copper: An essential metal in biology. Current Biology 21: 877-883.

Friedlova, M. 2010. The influence of heavy metals on soil biological and chemical properties. Soil and Water Research 5(1): 21-27.

Gökçeoğlu, M. 1979. Bazı bitki organlarındaki azot, fosfor ve potasyumun bir vejetasyon periyodundaki değişimi. Doğa Tarım ve Ormancılık 3: 192-199.

Hashem, M.A., Nur-A-Tomal, M.S., Mondal, N.R. & Rahman, M.A. 2017. Hair burning and liming in tanneries is a source of pollution by arsenic, lead, zinc, manganese and iron. Environmental Chemistry Letters 15: 501-506.

Jackson, M.L. 1958. Soil Chemical Analysis. Eaglewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Khalid, S., Shahid, M., Niazi, N.K., Murtaza, B., Bibi, I. & Dumat, C. 2017. A comparison of technologies for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 182: 247-268.

Kizildag, N., Aka Sagliker, H. & Darici, C. 2017. The comparative evaluation of carbon mineralization in soils contaminated and uncontaminated with chromium. Sains Malaysiana 46(10): 1757-1762.

Kleinbaum, D.G., Kupper, L.L., Muller, K.E. & Nizam, A. 1998. Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods. Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury Press.

Kosolapov, D.B., Kuschk, P., Vainshtein, M.B., Vatsourina, A.V., Wiebner, A., Kasterner, M. & Miler, R.A. 2004. Microbial processes of heavy metal removal from carbon deficient effluents in constructed wetlands. Engineering in Life Sciences 4(5): 403-411.

Lemée, G. 1967. Investigation sur la mineralisation de l’azote et son evolution annuelle dans des humus forestiers in situ. Oecologia 2: 285-324.

Liao, M., Luo, Y.K., Zhao, X.M. & Huang, C.Y. 2005. Toxicity of cadmium to soil microbial biomass and its activity: effect of incubation time on Cd ecological dose in a paddy soil. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B 6(5): 324-330.

Liu, Y., Xue, C., Yu, S. & Li, F. 2019. Variations of abundance and community structure of ammonia oxidizers and nitrification activity in two paddy soils polluted by heavy metals. Geomicrobiology Journal 36: 1-10.

Mikanova, O. 2006. Effect of heavy metals on some soil biological parameters. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 88: 220-223.

Minnich, M.M. & McBride, M.B. 1986. Effects of copper activity on carbon and nitrogen mineralisation in field-aged copper-enriched soils. Plant and Soil 91: 231-240.

Minnikova, T.V., Denisova, T.V., Mandzhieva, S.S., Kolesnikov, S.I., Minkina, T.M., Chaplygin, V.A., Burachevskaya, M.V., Sushkova, S.N. & Bauer, T.V. 2017. Assessing the effect of heavy metals from the Novocherkassk power station emissions on the biological activity of soils in the adjacent areas. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 174: 70-78.

Nwuche, C.O. & Ugoji, E.O. 2008. Effects of heavy metal pollution on the soil microbial activity. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 5: 409-414.

Rajapaksha, R., Tobor-Kapton, M.A. & Baath, E. 2004. Metal toxicity affects fungal and bacterial activities in soil differently. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 2966-2973.

Rother, J.A., Nillbank, J.W. & Thonton, I. 1982. Effects of heavy metal addition on ammonification and nitrification in soil contaminated with cadmium, lead and zinc. Plant and Soil 69: 239-258.

Schaefer, R. 1967. Caracteres et evolution des activites microbiennes dans une chaine de sols hydromorphes mesotrophiques de la plaine d’alsace première partie: Cadre géographique et milieu édaphique.

Shahid, M., Dumat, C., Silvestre, J. & Pinelli, E. 2012. Effect of fulvic acids on lead-induced oxidative stress to metal sensitive Vicia faba L. plant. Biology and Fertility of Soils 48: 689-697.

Shi, W. & Ma, X. 2017. Effects of heavy metal Cd pollution on microbial activities in soil. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 24(4): 722-725.

Song, J., Shen, Q., Wang, L., Qiu, G., Shi, J., Xu, J., Brookes, B.C. & Liu, X. 2018. Effects of Cd, Cu, Zn and their combined action on microbial biomass and bacterial community structure. Environmental Pollution 243: 510-518.

Stuczynski, T.I., McCarty, G.W. & Siebielec, G. 2003. Response of soil microbiological activities to cadmium, lead, and zinc salt amendments. Journal of Environmental Quality 32: 1346-1355.

Tang, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Ren, L., Zhou, Y., Zheng, Y., Luo, L., Yang, Y., Huang, H. & Chen, A. 2020. Physicochemical features, metal availability and enzyme activity in heavy metal-polluted soil remediated by biochar and compost. Science of The Total Environment 701: 134751.

Vasquez-Murrieta, M.S., Migules-Garduno, I., Franco-Hernandez, O., Govaerts, B. & Dendooven, L. 2006. C and N mineralization and microbial biomass in heavy-metal contaminated soil. European Journal of Soil Biology 42: 89-98.

Yao, H., Xu, J. & Huang, C. 2003. Substrate utilization pattern, biomass and activity of microbial communities in a sequence of heavy metal-polluted paddy soils. Geoderma 115: 139-148.

Walpola, B. & Yoon, M.H. 2012. Concentration dependent effect of heavy metals on soil carbon mineralization. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer 45(4): 551-554.

Zhang, F.P., Li, C.F., Tong, L.G., Yue, L.X., Li, P., Ciren, Y.J. & Cao, C.G. 2010. Response of microbial characteristics to heavy metal pollution of mining soils in Central Tibet. China. Applied Soil Ecology 45: 144-151.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: nkizildag@cu.edu.tr