Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 23 No 5 (2019): 880 - 891

GLYCEROL DEGRADATION IN THE ABSENCE OF EXTERNAL HYDROGEN GAS BY USING WASTE EGGSHELL AS HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST

(Degradasi Gliserol Tanpa Kehadiran Hidrogen Luaran dengan Menggunakan Sisa Kulit Telur sebagai Mangkin Heterogen)

Mohamad Imran Firdaus Mhd Sawal¹, Ahmad Irfan Oslan¹, Muhammad Hazwan Muhamad Hatta¹, Noraini Hamzah², Norazzizi Nordin³, Norsaliyana Jumali¹, Wan Zurina Samad¹*

¹Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science,

International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

²Faculty of Applied Sciences,

Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

³School of Chemical Sciences,

Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: wzurina@iium.edu.my

Received: 16 January 2019; Accepted: 29 July 2019

Abstract

The demand of biodiesel production nowadays is increasing every day. However, the booming of biodiesel demand resulted in the increase of glycerol production as a major by-product. Although glycerol could serve in various industries, the demand and usage are still limited. Therefore, an alternative method was proposed in this research in order to convert glycerol into more value-added chemicals such as methanol (MeOH), propanol (1-PrOH), and 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) through a new low cost and simple approach which is the reflux technique in the absence of external hydrogen gas. Due to the concern of global food waste issues, calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst derived from waste eggshells is utilized as a possible heterogeneous catalyst. This preliminary research studied the influence of reaction temperature and reaction time whereas catalyst weight and glycerol concentration were fixed as independent variables. Overall, the three chemicals were successfully synthesized with different optimum conditions. The formation of 1,2-PDO is more preferred at lower temperature (130 °C and 5 hours) with glycerol conversion and selectivity of 53.70% and 64.76%, respectively. However, the formation of MeOH and 1-PrOH are preferred at higher temperature. The formation of 1-PrOH (170 °C and 5 hours) resulted in glycerol conversion and selectivity of 81.64% and 70.85%, respectively. Meanwhile, the best condition in the formation of MeOH is at 190 °C and 7 hours reaction time with glycerol conversion and selectivity of 65.8 % and 46.44%, respectively.

Keywords: glycerol, degradation, external hydrogen, waste eggshell, heterogeneous catalyst

Abstrak

Permintaan pengeluaran biodiesel semakin meningkat setiap hari. Fungsi biodiesel itu sendiri sebagai bahan api alternatif untuk menggantikan penggunaan bahan api fosil adalah salah satu teknik terbaik untuk mengurangkan pembebasan gas karbon dioksida (CO₂) yang dikeluarkan di atmosfera. Walau bagaimanapun, permintaan biodiesel yang tinggi menyebabkan peningkatan penghasilan gliserol sebagai produk sampingan utama. Walaupun gliserol boleh digunakan dalam pelbagai industri, permintaan dan penggunaannya masih terhad. Oleh itu, satu alternatif telah diambil dalam penyelidikan ini untuk menukar gliserol menjadi bahan kimia yang lebih bernilai seperti metanol (MeOH), propanol (PrOH) dan 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) melalui pendekatan baharu yang lebih murah dan lebih mudah iaitu dengan menggunakan teknik refluks. Penukaran gliserol juga dilakukan tanpa kehadiran gas hidrogen luaran. Dengan mengambil kira mengenai isu kenaikan sisa makanan global, mangkin kalsium oksida (CaO) yang diperoleh daripada sisa kulit telur telah digunakan sebagai mangkin heterogen. Penyelidikan awal ini bertumpu mengkaji parameter pengaruh suhu tindak balas dan masa tindak balas, manakala berat mangkin dan kepekatan gliserol dijadikan sebagai pemboleh ubah tidak bersandar. Secara keseluruhan, ketiga-tiga bahan kimia telah berjaya disintesis dengan keadaan optimum yang berbeza. Pembentukan 1,2-PDO lebih baik pada suhu yang rendah (130 °C dan 5 jam) dengan penukaran gliserol dan selektiviti pada 53.70% dan 64.76%. Walau bagaimanapun, penghasilan MeOH dan 1-PrOH lebih baik pada suhu yang lebih tinggi. Penghasilan 1-PrOH (170 °C dan 5 jam) mencatatkan penukaran gliserol pada 81.64% dan selektiviti pada 70.85%. Sementara itu, keadaan terbaik dalam pembentukan metanol adalah pada 190 °C, dan masa reaksi 7 jam dengan penukaran gliserol pada 65.87% dan selektiviti produk masing-masing 46.44%.

Kata kunci: gliserol, degradasi, hidrogen luaran, sisa kulit telur, mangkin heterogen

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