Markerless Augmented Reality Application for Interactive Exploration of Melaka's Historical Sites

Nur Arieza Aziera Izzaty Sulaimana, Shafina Abd Karim Ishigaki, Fatin Aliah Yahya, Che Ku Nuraini Che Ku Mohd, Faaizah Shahbodin, Nurhafiyah Hazwani Haris Fazillah
dx.doi.org/10.17576/apjitm-2025-1402-11

Abstract

This study aims to identify the technical requirements, develop, and evaluate a markerless augmented reality (AR) application to enhance the exploration of historical sites in Melaka, Malaysia. Utilizing markerless AR technology, the application enables seamless interaction through detailed three-dimensional (3D) models of iconic landmarks without requiring physical markers. Developed using Blender to create accurate 3D models and Unity with the AR Foundation toolkit for AR integration, the application features seven significant sites, including A Famosa, Christ Church, and the Stadthuys, each accompanied by descriptive narratives and audio guides. Designed for Android mobile devices, it leverages AR Foundation?s multi-platform capabilities to ensure broad compatibility. Usability and user acceptance were evaluated using the System Usability Scale (SUS) and the Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) dimension of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). A total of 30 users and 3 experts participated in the evaluation, yielding a SUS score of 74.91% (Grade B) and TAM mean scores above 4.0 across all items, indicating strong usability and positive reception. The findings demonstrate the potential of markerless AR in heritage contexts, offering a user-friendly and educational tool for both tourists and local communities. By integrating immersive technology, historical content, and validated usability testing, this study contributes to cultural preservation and provides a scalable model for interactive heritage experiences in the digital era.

keyword

Markerless Augmented Reality, AR Foundation, Culture heritage preservation, Melaka Historical Sites, Location-based AR, Mobile AR applications, Unity, System Usability Scale, Technology Acceptance Mod

Area

Visual Informatics