{"id":4771,"date":"2026-06-15T09:11:40","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T01:11:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/beritaukm\/?p=4771"},"modified":"2026-06-15T09:11:42","modified_gmt":"2026-06-15T01:11:42","slug":"bila-pendakian-jadi-ujian","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/beritaukm\/bila-pendakian-jadi-ujian\/","title":{"rendered":"Bila Pendakian Jadi Ujian"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Oleh Dr. Adila A Hamid, Pensyarah Jabatan Fisiologi dan Dr. Ida Zarina Zaini, Pakar Perubatan Kecemasan, Fakulti Perubatan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aktiviti mendaki gunung kini semakin mendapat tempat di Malaysia. Peningkatan kesedaran dalam menjaga kesihatan dan kekal aktif, ditambah dengan pengaruh FOMO <em>(Fear of Missing Out)<\/em> menyumbang kepada populariti aktiviti ini.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Walau bagaimanpun, aktiviti ini menguji ketahanan mental dan fizikal. Pernahkah anda tertanya-tanya mengapa sesetengah pendaki mengalami sakit kepala, loya atau keletihan luar biasa ketika menghampiri puncak gunung sedangkan mereka sihat dan cergas ketika memulakan pendakian?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hakikatnya, semakin tinggi seseorang mendaki, semakin besar penyesuaian yang perlu dilakukan oleh tubuh manusia. Di sebalik panorama indah yang terbentang dari puncak gunung, tubuh sebenarnya sedang berjuang untuk mendapatkan oksigen yang semakin berkurangan apabila memasuki lapisan atmosfera bumi yang rendah (troposfera).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Semakin tinggi seseorang mendaki, semakin rendah tekanan atmosfera. Walaupun kandungan oksigen dalam udara kekal sama iaitu sekitar 21 peratus, tekanan atmosfera yang semakin rendah menyebabkan tekanan separa oksigen juga berkurang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sebagai contoh, di <em>Everest Base Camp (EBC)<\/em> pada ketinggian 5,300 meter, tekanan separa oksigen hanya separuh daripada paras laut. Manakala di puncak gunung Everest yang menjangkau 8,850 meter, tekanan separa oksigen menurun kepada satu pertiga sahaja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Akibatnya, tisu badan menerima bekalan oksigen yang kurang.&nbsp; Keadaan ini dikenali sebagai hipobarik hipoksia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Adaptasi Jangka Pendek Tubuh di Altitud Tinggi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dalam tempoh dua hingga tiga hari pertama di altitud tinggi, tubuh manusia mula menunjukkan perubahan jangka pendek. Nafas menjadi lebih cepat dan lebih dalam kerana tubuh berusaha mendapatkan lebih banyak oksigen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Degupan jantung turut meningkat untuk memastikan oksigen yang mencukupi dapat dihantar ke seluruh tisu badan. Namun, akibat daripada pernafasan yang lebih laju daripada biasa, kadar penyingkiran karbon dioksida meningkat lalu menyebabkan pH darah meningkat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Peningkatan pH darah ini dikenali sebagai alkalosis. Bagi mengimbangi keadaan ini, buah pinggang terpaksa bekerja dengan lebih keras lalu menyebabkan seseorang lebih kerap membuang air kecil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Adaptasi Jangka Panjang Tubuh di Altitud Tinggi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jika pendakian diteruskan untuk tempoh yang lebih lama, tubuh akan mula menyesuaikan diri secara jangka panjang. Penghasilan sel darah merah dan komponennya, hemoglobin menjadi lebih banyak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Adaptasi ini membolehkan lebih banyak oksigen diangkut ke seluruh badan. Keadaan ini membolehkan pendaki bertahan lebih lama di altitud tinggi, walaupun udara semakin nipis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Menariknya, adaptasi fisiologi ini bukan sahaja berlaku kepada pendaki, tetapi juga kepada penduduk yang menetap di kawasan altitud tinggi. Sebagai contoh, populasi tempatan di pergunungan Himalaya di Nepal tidak mempunyai masalah untuk tinggal dalam keadaan udara nipis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Inilah sebabnya ramai penduduk tempatan mampu bergerak dengan lincah di kawasan pergunungan yang tinggi, sedangkan pendaki luar mungkin bergelut dengan gejala yang dikenali sebagai penyakit altitud (<em>altitude sickness<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Apabila Pendaki Mula Sakit: Kenali Tanda Amaran Kecemasan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dalam kebanyakan kes, penyakit altitud bermula dengan simptom ringan seperti sakit kepala, loya, pening, hilang selera makan dan keletihan yang luar biasa. Ramai pendaki menganggap simptom ini sebagai perkara biasa akibat penat mendaki.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Namun, simptom tersebut sebenarnya boleh menjadi amaran awal bahawa tubuh gagal menyesuaikan diri dengan kekurangan oksigen di altitud tinggi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jika seseorang pendaki mula mengalami sakit kepala yang semakin teruk, muntah berulang, kesukaran berjalan dengan stabil, keliru, mengantuk melampau atau sesak nafas walaupun ketika berehat, keadaan itu harus dianggap sebagai kecemasan perubatan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Simptom-simptom tersebut mungkin menjadi petanda kepada dua komplikasi yang boleh mengancam nyawa iaitu pembengkakan otak (<em>High Altitude Cerebral Edema<\/em>) atau pembengkakan paru-paru (<em>High Altitude Pulmonary Edema<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Pertolongan Cemas di Gunung: Turun Adalah Rawatan Terbaik<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berehat di altitud semasa merupakan rawatan awal yang paling berkesan kerana ia dapat memberi masa kepada tubuh untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan paras oksigen yang lebih rendah. Namun begitu, bagi kes yang semakin teruk, rawatan terpenting adalah menurunkan pendaki ke altitud yang lebih rendah secepat mungkin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jika bekalan oksigen mudah alih tersedia, ia boleh membantu meningkatkan kandungan oksigen dalam darah sementara menunggu bantuan lanjut. Dalam ekspedisi besar di kawasan altitud tinggi, sesetengah pasukan turut membawa beg hiperbarik mudah alih (<em>portable hyperbaric chamber<\/em>) yang boleh mensimulasikan keadaan altitud lebih rendah untuk sementara waktu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bagi pendaki yang tidak sedarkan diri, mengalami kesukaran bernafas yang serius atau menunjukkan tanda-tanda gangguan fungsi otak seperti kekeliruan dan hilang koordinasi pergerakan, bantuan kecemasan perlu diaktifkan segera. Pengusungan keluar dari kawasan gunung dan pemindahan ke fasiliti kesihatan harus dilakukan tanpa berlengah.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kesimpulannya, pendakian gunung bukanlah sekadar cabaran fizikal, tetapi juga ujian fisiologi tubuh manusia. Dengan pengetahuan tentang adaptasi tubuh di altitud tinggi serta risiko dan rawatan penyakit altitud, pendaki dapat menikmati keindahan alam dengan lebih selamat. Keindahan di puncak gunung memang tiada tandingan, tetapi keselamatan dan kesihatan harus sentiasa menjadi keutamaan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Oleh Dr. Adila A Hamid, Pensyarah Jabatan Fisiologi dan Dr. Ida Zarina Zaini, Pakar Perubatan Kecemasan, Fakulti Perubatan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Aktiviti mendaki gunung kini semakin mendapat tempat di&hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":123457,"featured_media":4772,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4771","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kolumnis"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bila Pendakian Jadi Ujian - Berita UKM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/beritaukm\/bila-pendakian-jadi-ujian\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bila Pendakian Jadi Ujian - 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