{"id":5257,"date":"2026-09-11T10:48:57","date_gmt":"2026-09-11T02:48:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/beritaukm\/?p=5257"},"modified":"2026-09-11T10:48:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-11T02:48:59","slug":"delima-subsidi-fosil-antara-kesejahteraan-rakyat-dan-kelestarian-fiskal-malaysia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/beritaukm\/delima-subsidi-fosil-antara-kesejahteraan-rakyat-dan-kelestarian-fiskal-malaysia\/","title":{"rendered":"Delima Subsidi Fosil: Antara Kesejahteraan Rakyat dan Kelestarian Fiskal Malaysia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Oleh Prof. Madya Dr. Fathin Faizah Said, Pensyarah Fakulti Ekonomi dan Pengurusan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Saudara Pengarang,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kelestarian fiskal Malaysia semakin menjadi cabaran berikutan gabungan hutang awam yang tinggi, peningkatan keperluan perbelanjaan kerajaan dan pemberian subsidi bahan api fosil yang berterusan. Walaupun ekonomi Malaysia menunjukkan daya tahan yang kukuh, berdasarkan laporan <em>OECD Economic Surveys: Malaysia 2026<\/em> menegaskan bahawa konsolidasi fiskal perlu diteruskan bagi mengukuhkan penampan fiskal dan mengurangkan kerentanan terhadap kejutan ekonomi luaran. Defisit kerajaan Persekutuan mengecil kepada 3.7% daripada KDNK pada 2025, namun hutang awam kekal melebihi 60% daripada KDNK dan lebih tinggi berbanding beberapa negara serantau. Keadaan ini menunjukkan keperluan untuk meneruskan reformasi fiskal serta meningkatkan kecekapan perbelanjaan awam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Subsidi bahan api fosil merupakan salah satu komponen penting dalam cabaran fiskal tersebut. Malaysia masih mengekalkan harga petrol dan diesel yang relatif rendah melalui sokongan kerajaan, manakala bahan api fosil terus mendominasi campuran tenaga negara. Menurut OECD, subsidi bahan api fosil memberi tekanan kepada kedudukan kewangan kerajaan dan pada masa yang sama mengurangkan insentif kepada isi rumah serta firma untuk mengurangkan penggunaan bahan api dan pelepasan karbon. Keadaan ini menjadi lebih mencabar apabila harga tenaga dan komoditi global meningkat kerana kerajaan perlu menanggung kos subsidi yang lebih tinggi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Implikasi subsidi bukan hanya melibatkan kos fiskal secara langsung. Malaysia turut berhadapan dengan peningkatan keperluan perbelanjaan berkaitan penuaan penduduk, perlindungan sosial, pendidikan dan adaptasi perubahan iklim. Hutang awam juga dijangka kekal melebihi 60% daripada KDNK, manakala jaringan keselamatan sosial masih mempunyai jurang dari segi liputan. Oleh itu, peruntukan besar kepada subsidi tenaga secara menyeluruh boleh mewujudkan kos melepas kerana sumber yang sama berpotensi digunakan untuk bantuan sosial bersasar, pendidikan, infrastruktur dan pelaburan yang meningkatkan produktiviti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reformasi subsidi dengan demikian mempunyai hubungan yang rapat dengan kelestarian fiskal. OECD mencadangkan agar Malaysia mengehadkan dan menghapuskan subsidi tenaga secara berperingkat, sambil menggunakan sebahagian daripada penjimatan tersebut untuk menyediakan bantuan tunai bersasar kepada isi rumah berpendapatan rendah. Penggunaan pangkalan data sosioekonomi nasional PADU juga berpotensi membantu kerajaan memperbaiki penyasaran subsidi dan bantuan sosial. Pendekatan ini membolehkan kerajaan mengurangkan perbelanjaan yang tidak cekap tanpa memberikan kesan yang tidak seimbang kepada golongan rentan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selain aspek fiskal, subsidi bahan api mempunyai dimensi alam sekitar yang penting. Subsidi fosil boleh mengurangkan keberkesanan mekanisme penetapan harga karbon kerana harga tenaga yang rendah memberikan isyarat yang kurang tepat kepada pengguna dan firma. OECD menegaskan bahawa isyarat harga tenaga semasa di Malaysia belum memberikan insentif yang mencukupi untuk mengurangkan pelepasan karbon. Pada 2023, sebelum reformasi subsidi diesel, kadar karbon efektif bersih Malaysia dianggarkan negatif EUR25 bagi setiap tan pelepasan karbon, yang mencerminkan pengaruh subsidi bahan api fosil. Pengurangan subsidi petrol dan peralihan secara beransur-ansur kepada penetapan harga karbon positif boleh menggalakkan kecekapan tenaga serta mengurangkan penggunaan bahan api fosil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Walau bagaimanapun, rasionalisasi subsidi perlu dilaksanakan secara berhati-hati. Peningkatan harga bahan api yang terlalu pantas boleh menjejaskan kuasa beli isi rumah serta meningkatkan kos pengangkutan dan pengeluaran. Oleh itu, bantuan tunai bersasar amat penting untuk melindungi golongan rentan sepanjang tempoh peralihan. Pendekatan yang menggabungkan pengurangan subsidi, bantuan sosial bersasar dan penetapan harga karbon boleh membantu Malaysia mencapai matlamat fiskal dan alam sekitar secara serentak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kelestarian fiskal juga memerlukan pengukuhan hasil kerajaan. OECD menyatakan bahawa terdapat ruang untuk memperluas asas hasil cukai, termasuk melalui reformasi cukai penggunaan, peluasan asas cukai pendapatan individu dan peningkatan kecekapan pentadbiran cukai. Peningkatan hasil akan memberikan ruang fiskal yang lebih besar untuk membiayai perlindungan sosial, pendidikan dan pelaburan awam, di samping mengurangkan kebergantungan terhadap subsidi yang kurang bersasar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kesimpulannya, subsidi bahan api fosil yang tinggi merupakan cabaran penting kepada kelestarian fiskal dan kelestarian alam sekitar Malaysia. Pengurangan subsidi secara berperingkat berpotensi mengurangkan tekanan terhadap kewangan kerajaan, meningkatkan kecekapan perbelanjaan awam dan mewujudkan insentif yang lebih kukuh untuk peralihan kepada tenaga bersih. Namun begitu, reformasi tersebut perlu disokong oleh bantuan sosial bersasar, pengukuhan hasil kerajaan, penetapan harga karbon serta peningkatan pelaburan dalam tenaga boleh diperbaharui dan infrastruktur elektrik. Pendekatan bersepadu ini dapat membantu Malaysia memperkukuh kedudukan fiskal sambil mencapai aspirasi pembangunan rendah karbon dan melindungi kesejahteraan golongan rentan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Oleh Prof. Madya Dr. Fathin Faizah Said, Pensyarah Fakulti Ekonomi dan Pengurusan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Saudara Pengarang, Kelestarian fiskal Malaysia semakin menjadi cabaran berikutan gabungan hutang awam yang tinggi, peningkatan&hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":123457,"featured_media":5258,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5257","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kolumnis"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Delima Subsidi Fosil: Antara Kesejahteraan Rakyat dan Kelestarian Fiskal Malaysia - 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