{"id":2237,"date":"2020-12-12T14:09:37","date_gmt":"2020-12-12T14:09:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/?page_id=2237"},"modified":"2020-12-16T17:59:44","modified_gmt":"2020-12-16T17:59:44","slug":"jcil-2020-52-article-9-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/jcil-2020-52-article-9-2\/","title":{"rendered":"JCIL 2020 5(2) Article 9"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”3.22.3″ background_color=”#0c71c3″ custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px”][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=”Journal of Contemporary Islamic Law” subhead=”No eISSN: 0127-788X” title_font_color=”#ffffff” subhead_font_color=”#ffffff” _builder_version=”3.19″ title_font=”|on|||” title_text_color=”#ffffff” title_font_size=”40px” content_font_size=”10px” subhead_text_color=”#ffffff” subhead_font_size=”20px” background_color=”#0c71c3″ parallax=”on” parallax_method=”on” custom_margin=”-30px||-30px” button_one_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ button_two_letter_spacing_hover=”0″ saved_tabs=”all” button_one_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_size__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_text_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_width__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_border_radius__hover_enabled=”off” button_one_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”on” button_one_letter_spacing__hover=”0″ button_two_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”on” button_two_letter_spacing__hover=”0″ button_one_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off” button_two_bg_color__hover_enabled=”off”][\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ specialty=”on” _builder_version=”3.22.3″][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” parallax__hover=”off” parallax_method__hover=”on” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”2020 5(2)” url=”https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/jcil-2017-2-2\/” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”%%40%%” icon_color=”#0c71c3″ use_circle=”on” circle_color=”#ffffff” use_circle_border=”on” circle_border_color=”#0c71c3″ icon_placement=”left” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ header_text_color=”#0c71c3″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” text_orientation=”center” max_width_tablet=”50px”]<\/p>\n

15 DECEMBER 2020<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Cover-JCIL-2020-52.png” title_text=”Cover JCIL 2020 5(2)” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_duration=”500ms” animation_intensity_slide=”10%”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ specialty_columns=”2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” parallax__hover=”off” parallax_method__hover=”on” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_row_inner admin_label=”Row” _builder_version=”3.25″][et_pb_column_inner saved_specialty_column_type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” parallax__hover=”off” parallax_method__hover=”on” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text admin_label=”Tajuk” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” module_alignment=”left”]<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0648\u0631 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 <\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The Role of Decentralized Management in Combating Maladministration from Islamic Perspective: An Analytical Study on Judicial Administration of Caliphate ‘Umar Ibn Abd Al-‘Aziz<\/h3>\n

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Jalal Alwan Salman,\u00a0<\/strong>jalalwan3@gmail.com<\/em><\/span>
<\/em>Department of Syariah and Management, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya.<\/span>
Ahmad Sufian Che Abdullah,\u00a0<\/strong>sufyan@um.edu.my<\/em>
<\/em>Department of Syariah and Management, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya.
Nor ‘Azzah Kamri,\u00a0<\/strong>azzah@um.edu.my<\/em>
<\/em>Department of Syariah and Management, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya.
<\/span><\/span><\/span>Received: 26 September 2020 | Accepted: 27 November 2020 | Published: 15 December 2020<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”Volume & PDF” _builder_version=”4.7.7″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” module_alignment=”left”]<\/p>\n

2020, Vol. 5(2), pp. 91-107. \u00a0| \u00a0<\/span>PDF<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_tabs admin_label=”Abstract & References” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ body_text_align=”justify” background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_tab title=”ABSTRAK” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ body_font=”||||” body_text_align=”justify” body_line_height=”2em” tab_font=”||||” tab_line_height=”2em” background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” body_line_height_tablet=”2em” body_line_height_phone=”2em” tab_line_height_tablet=”2em” tab_line_height_phone=”2em”]<\/p>\n

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[\/et_pb_tab][et_pb_tab title=”ABSTRACT” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ body_font=”||||” body_text_align=”justify” body_line_height=”2em” tab_font=”||||” tab_line_height=”2em” background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” body_line_height_tablet=”2em” body_line_height_phone=”2em” tab_line_height_tablet=”2em” tab_line_height_phone=”2em”]<\/p>\n

Judiciary is one of government\u2019s d epartments that directly influences a state\u2019s security and stabi lity. This makes administrative corruption in judicial department one of the devastating dangers to the state. The research discusses the role of decentralized management in the combat of administrative corruption from an Islamic perspective by offering a managerial insight that includes the administrative model of Islamic history of the caliphate of Omar Bin Abdul Aziz. He obviously made remarkable breakthroughs in reforming the state\u2019s instit utions and in combating administrative corruption including judiciary. The research begins with the assumption that combating administrative corruption during the caliphate of Omar Bin Abdul Aziz through reforming the states\u2019 departments\u00a0 <\/span>in general and judiciary in particular was accomplished by freeing judiciary of any influences and by supporting its independence with the help of decentralized management. The research also refers to a modern administrative model of Malaysia as an answer to the research problem which basically states that the emergence and spread of corruption in the various sections of the Islamic state are among the reasons for Caliph Omar to adopt the decentralized management, which is one of the ruling components in Malaysia. The significance of the research lies in offering fundamental solutions for avoiding the dangers administrative corruption could pose to the state. The research adopts the inductive approach to explain the concept of administrative corruption, and the descriptive analytical approach for illustrating the methods Caliph Omar used to combat administrative corruption. It also uses the comparative approach to demonstrate the similarities and differences between the centralized and\u00a0decentralized management and explain the nature of relationship between them in order to conclude some practical findings. The research uses the historical approach for analyzing the experience of Omar Bin Abdul Aziz of reform and leveraging its details. The research concluded that it is necessary to adopt decentralized management to combat administrative corruption in the state\u2019s organizations and general departments by referring to the\u00a0 <\/span>successful the administrative experience of judiciary in Malaysia. <\/p>\n

Keywords: Decentralized Management, Administrative Corruption, Caliphate of Omar Bin Abdul Aziz, Judiciary Management<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_tab][et_pb_tab title=”REFERENCES” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ body_font=”||||” body_text_align=”justify” body_line_height=”2em” tab_font=”||||” tab_line_height=”2em” body_line_height_tablet=”2em” body_line_height_phone=”2em” tab_line_height_tablet=”2em” tab_line_height_phone=”2em”]<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u064a ) 1415 \u0647\/ 1994 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0637\u0648\u0646 ) 1434 \u0647\/ 2013 \u0645( \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n

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\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0637\u0648\u0646 ) 1434 \u0647\/ 2013 \u0645( \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064a\u062f. <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 www.masress.com \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a ) 1997 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f. \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643:
\u00a0\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\/\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u063a\u0635\u0627\u0628 ) 1429 \u0647\/ 2008 \u0645( \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a www.baytalhikma.iq<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f www.transparency.org <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f gopacnetwork.org\/ar\/programs <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f www.worldbank.org<\/p>\n

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www.imf.org<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0633 \u0646 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646 ) 2006 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u0628\u063a\u062f \u0627\u062f: \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u062d\u0633 \u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u064a ) 2010 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0644\u064a ) 2011 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0631 ) 1997 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645 www.islamweb.net \u00a0) 1414 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0644\u064a\/ 2003 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\/\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f<\/p>\n

www.nazaha.iq \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062e\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0648 ) 1407 \u0647( \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f ( 1384 \u0647\/ 1964 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 ( 1418 \u0647\/ 1997 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u062c\u0631
\u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631 ) 1420 \u0647\/ 2000 \u0645( \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646. \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u060c <\/p>\n

\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 ( 1414 \u0647\/ 1994 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a. <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 ( 1403 \u0647\/ 1983 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637 1 . <\/p>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a ) 1423 \u0647\/ 2002 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a ( 1410 \u0647\/ 1990 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629:
\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628 \u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f ( 1414 \u0647\/ 1994 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0647 ) 1398 \u0647\/ 1987 \u0645( \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 www.uobabylon.edu.iq \u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0637 ) 1416 \u0647\/ 1996 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0646 ) 1996 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 ( 1414 \u0647( \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a ( 1429 \u0647\/ 2008 \u0645( \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u0628 ) 1417 \u0647( \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u062c\u062f\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631. \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 ) 1996 \u0645( \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628. \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 ) 1996 \u0645( \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f ) 2013 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0634 \u0625\u064a\u0628\u0631\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0641 ) 1424 \u0647\/ 2003 \u0645( \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a ) 1418 \u0647( \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0641 ) 1424 \u0647\/ 2003 \u0645( \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a ) 2015 \u0645( \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642 ) 2008 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639. <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628 \u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a ) 1399 \u0647\/ 1979 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0621\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0631\u064a ) 2009 \u0645( “\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627” \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0646\u0633 ) 2015 \u0645( “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a” \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 23 \u0639\u062f\u062f 1 .<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a ) 1426 \u0647\/ 2006 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647. \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u062f\u062f 80 \u0635 5 – 7 .<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 ) 1410 \u0647( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0641 ) 1424 \u0647\/ 2003 \u0645( \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 alromnsi.yoo7.com \u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a ) 2001 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f \u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0641 ) 1424 \u0647\/ 2003 \u0645( \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f kenanaonline.com \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 ) 1410 \u0647( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d. <\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0641 ) 1424 \u0647\/ 2003 \u0645( \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 ) 2013 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u063a ) 1406 \u0647( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f ) 2001 \u0645( \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0641 ) 1424 \u0647\/ 2003 \u0645( \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f ) 2016 \u0645( “\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f” \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 6 \u0639\u062f\u062f 4 .<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0648\u062f ) 2013 \u0645( \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0637\u064a\u0641. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a wiki.kololk.com \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a ) 2014 \u0645( “\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637” \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 20 \u0639\u062f\u062f 1 \/\u0628. <\/p>\n

\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a ) 2016 \u0645( \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a. \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0637\u0647 ) 1436 \u0647\/ 2015 \u0645( \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 .<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 ) 2018 \u0645( “\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629” \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 11 \u0639\u062f\u062f 42 \u0635 270 – 272 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0646 ) 2002 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0644 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0633 ) 2018 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/p>\n

\u0635 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a ) 2014 \u0645( \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646 ) 2002 \u0645( “\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629” \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 16 \u0639\u062f\u062f 4 .<\/p>\n

\u0632\u063a\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a ) 2018 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a ) 2010 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639. \u0635 3 .<\/p>\n

\u0632\u063a\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a ) 2018 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0631 ) 1974 \u0645( \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0633 ) 2018 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/p>\n

\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a ) 2011 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0633\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0647\u064a ) 2013 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a ) 2014 \u0645( \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0633 ) 2017 \u0645( \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 ) 2018 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 2 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a ) 2014 \u0645( “\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a” \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 9 \u0639\u062f\u062f 28 \u0635 66 .<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u064a ) 1415 \u0647\/ 1994 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0637 1 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 ) 1422 \u0647( \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u064a ) 1415 \u0647\/ 1994 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a ( 1425 \u0647\/ 2004 \u0645( \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621. \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 ) 1417 \u0647\/ 1997 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u064a ) 1415 \u0647\/ 1994 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a ( 1424 \u0647\/ 2003 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0639 ( 1366 \u0647\/ 1947 \u0645( \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u0627\u0646 ) 1408 \u0647\/ 1988 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u0627\u0646. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0644\u0628\u064a ) 1989 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 ><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a ( 1404 \u0647\/ 1984 \u0645( \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 ) 1404 \u0647\/ 1984 \u0645( \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628. <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u064a ) 1415 \u0647\/ 1994 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0631 ( 1415 \u0647\/ 1995 \u0645( \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639. <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631 ) 1387 \u0647( \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b. \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627 ) 1407 \u0647\/ 1987 \u0645( \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628 \u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631 ) 1379 \u0647( \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u062c 13 \u0635 149 . \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a ) 1388 \u0647\/ 1968 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c ( 1366 \u0647\/ 1947 \u0645( \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a ) 1418 \u0647( \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c ) 1424 \u0647\/ 2003 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 ) 1422 \u0647( \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0629\u060c<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062f ) 1410 \u0647\/ 1990 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 ) 1403 \u0647\/ 1983 \u0645( \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0631 ) 1424 \u0647\/ 2003 \u0645( \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a ) 1418 \u0647( \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628 \u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 ( 1394 \u0647\/ 1974 \u0645( \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 ) 1418 \u0647( \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649. <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0631 ) 1387 \u0647( \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 ) 2006 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0631 ) 1424 \u0647\/ 2003 \u0645( \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f ( 1405 \u0647\/ 1985 \u0645( \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062f ) 1410 \u0647\/ 1990 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0637 1 . \u062c 5 \u0635 287 . \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 mawdoo3.com \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0638\u0627\u0641\u0631 ) 1407 \u0647\/ 1987 \u0645( \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0633.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a ) 1425 \u0647\/ 2004 \u0645( \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u0637\u0631: \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u0628\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 ) 2016 \u0645( “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u064a” \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 32 \u0639\u062f\u062f 9 \u0635 37 \u060c 42 – 43 .<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 ) 2013 \u0645( \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 www.aljazeera.net \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1957 \u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 2007 \u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 ) 2016 \u0645( \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u0644\u0628: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627 www.marefa.org \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1957 \u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 2007 \u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0632\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0647 ) 2013 \u0645( \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 5 \u0639\u062f\u062f 1<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_tab][\/et_pb_tabs][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

15 DECEMBER 2020\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u00a0\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 The Role of Decentralized Management in Combating Maladministration from Islamic Perspective: An Analytical Study on Judicial Administration of Caliphate ‘Umar Ibn Abd Al-‘AzizJalal Alwan Salman,\u00a0jalalwan3@gmail.comDepartment of Syariah and Management, Academy of Islamic Studies, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2237","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2237","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2237"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2237\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2319,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2237\/revisions\/2319"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2237"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}