{"id":3764,"date":"2023-12-15T01:56:20","date_gmt":"2023-12-15T01:56:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/?page_id=3764"},"modified":"2023-12-26T07:24:13","modified_gmt":"2023-12-26T07:24:13","slug":"jcil-2023-82-article-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/jcil-2023-82-article-3\/","title":{"rendered":"JCIL 2023 8(2) Article 3"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; specialty=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_blurb title=&#8221;2023 8(2)&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>DECEMBER 2023<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Cover-JCIL-2023-82-scaled.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Cover JCIL 2023 8(2)&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; specialty_columns=&#8221;2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_row_inner _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column_inner saved_specialty_column_type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Tajuk&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The Determination of the Citizenship of a Child Born on Board an International Aircraft: An analysis from the Perspectives of International, Nigerian, and Islamic law<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Penulis&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Ismail Adua Mustapha, <\/strong><\/span><\/strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">ismail.am@unilorin.edu.ng<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><br \/>Business Law, University of Ilorin, Nigeria<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><br \/><\/span>Received: June 16, 2023 | Revised: July 30, 2023 | Accepted: August 09, 2023 | Published: December 15, 2023<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Volume &#038; PDF&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>2023, Vol. 8(2), pp. 19-26. \u00a0| \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/3-Mustapha-2023-1-1.pdf\">PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_tabs admin_label=&#8221;Abstract &#038; References&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; body_text_align=&#8221;justify&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_tab title=&#8221;Abstract&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; body_text_align=&#8221;justify&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Instances of childbirth occurring aboard international aircraft, while rare, pose unique legal challenges in determining the child&#8217;s citizenship. Typically, pregnant women in their trimester period are not allowed to board aircraft except for medical emergencies. This article aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of how citizenship for children born on such flights is addressed within the realms of International Law, Nigerian Law, and Islamic Law, exploring the similarities and differences in theoretical and practical applications across these legal systems. Utilizing a qualitative research methodology, this study examines both primary and secondary legal sources. The findings indicate a divergence in approaches: Under International Law, a child born on an international aircraft generally acquires the citizenship of the country where the aircraft is registered. In contrast, Nigerian and Islamic laws prioritize jus sanguinis (right of blood), where a child&#8217;s citizenship is determined by the parents&#8217; nationality, superseding jus soli (right of soil) principles that confer citizenship based on the location of birth (in this case, the aircraft&#8217;s nationality).<\/p>\n<p>KEYWORDS<br \/>Citizenship determination, Children\u2019s rights, born on board aircraft, international law, Switzerland law; Islamic law<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_tab][et_pb_tab title=&#8221;References&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; body_text_align=&#8221;justify&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>A. Ikelegbe (1995) Politics and Government: An Introductory and Comparative Analysis (Benin: Uri Publishers).<\/p>\n<p>A.A KHAN, et. Al (2006). Encyclopaedia of Islamic Law. v.1 Concepts of Islamic Law. New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2006. p.59; RAMADAN, H.M. Understanding Islamic Law. Oxford: AltaMira Press,.4<\/p>\n<p>A.R Kidwai, (1987) Translating the Untranslatable \u2013 A Survey of English Translations of the Qur\u2019an. The Muslim World Book Review, Summer.<\/p>\n<p>AG\/RES. 2826 (XLIV-O\/14) PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF STATELESSNESS AND PROTECTION OF STATELESS PERSONS IN THE AMERICAS (Adopted at the second plenary session, held on June 4, 2014) http:\/\/www.oas.org\/en\/sla\/dil\/docs\/AG-RES_2826_XLIV-O-14.pdf accessed 2 May 2023.<\/p>\n<p>Ahmed Souiaiai, (2005). On the Sources of Islamic Law and Practices, 20(1) Journal of Law and Religion, 123-127.<\/p>\n<p>Alberto Achermann et al (2010). Country Report: Switzerland, (EUDO Citizenship Observatory: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies in Collaboration with Edinburgh University Law School, Country Report, RSCAS\/EUDO-CIT-CR 2010\/25, Badia Fiesolara, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy, 12.<\/p>\n<p>Best Citizenship, Airborne Citizenship for Child Born in a Flight, https:\/\/best-citizenships.com\/2023\/01\/24\/ airborne-citizenship-for-child-born-in-a-flight\/ accessed 19\/5\/2023.<\/p>\n<p>Bin Cheng, (1966) \u201cNationality and Registration of Aircraft-Article 77of the Chicago Convention, Journal of Air Law and Commerce 32 (4),556-557.<\/p>\n<p>Carolyn A. Dubay, (2014) \u201cGeneral Principle of International Law: Monism and Dualism\u201d International Judicial Monitor.<\/p>\n<p>Claude Hofhansel (2008), Citizenship in Australia, Germany, and Switzerland: Courts, Legislatives and Administrators\u201d International Migration Review, 42 (1),181.<\/p>\n<p>Cohn, (1953) \u201cThe New Swiss Nationality Act\u201d International and Comparative Law Quarterly 2 (3) (1953): 428.<\/p>\n<p>Constitutional (Amendment) Decree, No. 33 of 1974.<\/p>\n<p>Convention for The Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, done at Montreal on 28 May 1999 and entered into force on 4 November 2003, ICAO Doc. 9740 [hereinafter Montreal Convention].<\/p>\n<p>D.I.O Ewelukwa, (1982), \u201cAcquisition and Loss of Citizenship in Nigeria,\u201d Nigerian Current Law Review, 216.<\/p>\n<p>E. O Ojo (2014) Nigeria, 1914-2014: From creation to cremation?\u201d vol. 23 Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 67.<\/p>\n<p>E.I Nwogugu (1976) Recent Changes in Nigerian Nationality and Citizenship Law\u201d vol. 25 (2) International and Comparative Law Quarterly 423-439.<\/p>\n<p>Federal Act on Swiss Citizenship (Swiss Citizenship Act, SCA) of 20 June 2014 (Status as of 15 February 2018).<\/p>\n<p>Garner, B. A, (ed.), (2013), Black\u2019s Law Dictionary, 9th ed. Minnesota: West Group.<\/p>\n<p>Ibn Fares, A\u1e25mad (d.395 AH\/1004 CE). Mu\u02bfjam Maqay\u012bs al-Lughah. Edited by \u02bfAbdel-Salam Har\u016bn, (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1399 AH\/1979 CE), vol. 6, 84, 120.<\/p>\n<p>Ibn Man\u1e93\u016br, Jamaludd\u012bn. Lis\u0101n al-\u02bfArab. (Beirut: Dar \u1e62ader, 1414 AH), vol. 13, p. 451.<\/p>\n<p>International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Convention on Civil Aviation (&#8220;Chicago Convention&#8221;), 7 December 1944, (1994) 15 U.N.T.S. 295, available at: https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/3ddca0dd4.html [accessed 17 May 2023].<\/p>\n<p>J. C. Batra, (2000). \u201cModernization of the Warsaw System &#8211; Montreal 1999,\u201d J. AIR L. &amp; COM. 65 (3), 429-444.<\/p>\n<p>J.L. Ackrill and Lindsay Judson, eds. (1995). Richard Robinson, Trans. Aristotle Politics, (Oxford: Clarendon Press), vol. 3, 5.<\/p>\n<p>Kane, Lester and Poweller, Marylyn, (2008). Citizenship in the 21st Century, (New York: Nova Science Publishers), vii.<\/p>\n<p>Lavoie v. Canada, 1995 CanLII 3593 (FC), [1995] 2 FC 623.<\/p>\n<p>M. Bronmen and S. Momoh (2020), Report on Citizenship law: Nigeria (County Report, 2020), 2.<\/p>\n<p>M. Hamidullah, (1981). Khutbat-i Bahalvalpur. Bahavalpur: Islamiyyah University.<\/p>\n<p>Max Friedrich Steinhardt And Jan Wedemeier, (2012). \u201cThe Labor Market Performance of Naturalized Immigrants in Switzerland-New Findings from the<\/p>\n<p>Swiss Labor Force Survey,\u201d International &amp; Integration 13, 226.<\/p>\n<p>McGinn, Thomas (1998). Prostitution, Sexuality, and Law in Ancient Rome. (Oxford University Press), 22.<\/p>\n<p>MICHELE FOSTER (2022), \u201cThe 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness: History, Evolution and Relevance\u201d Statelessness and Citizenship Review 4 (3),188.<\/p>\n<p>Michele Foster And Helen Lambert (2019), International Refugee Law and the Protection of Stateless Person (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 25-26.<\/p>\n<p>Michele Foster, (2022) \u201cThe 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness: History, Evolution and Relevance\u201d Statelessness and Citizenship Review 4 (3) ,188.<\/p>\n<p>Mu\u1e25ammad Fawzy \u1e24asan Abdel-\u1e24ay, (2018). 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(London: Cambridge University Press), 660.<\/p>\n<p>Nigeria 1979 Constitution.<\/p>\n<p>Nigeria 1999 Constitution as amended.<\/p>\n<p>Pablo Mendes De Leon and Werner Eyskens, (2001). \u201cThe Montreal Convention: Analysis Of Some Aspects Of The Attempted Modernization And Consolidation Of The Warsaw System\u201d Journal of Air Law and Commerce, 66(3), 1155-1184.<\/p>\n<p>Prabhu Balarishnan,(2023). \u201cAirborn Citizenship for Child Born in a Flight\u201d, Best Citizenship 1 January, 2023 https:\/\/best-citizenships.com\/2023\/01\/24\/airborn-citizenship-for-child-born-in-a-flight\/ accessed 29 April, 2023.<\/p>\n<p>Prawitra Thalib, &#8211; And Faizal Kurniawan, &#8211; And Mohamad Nur Kholiq, (2020). The Application of Quranic Interpretation, of Sunnah And Ijtihad As The Source Of Islamic Law, Rechtidee Jurnal Hukum, 15 (2):193-206.<\/p>\n<p>Pul Eric (2016) The Amalgamation of Nigeria: Revising 1914 and the Centenary Celebrations 12 (12) Canadian Social Science 66.<\/p>\n<p>Radhika Kanchana, (2020). How do Muslims States Treat their \u201cOutsiders\u201d?: Is Islamic Practice of Naturalisation Synonymous with Jus Sanguinis? In Jureidini, Ray, and Said Fares Hassan, eds. Migration and Islamic Ethics: Issues of Residence, Naturalization and Citizenship. Brill, 136-158.<\/p>\n<p>S.I Nchi (1996). The Nigerian Law Dictionary (Zaria: Tamza Publishing Co. Ltd.), 69.<\/p>\n<p>Studer Brigitte, (2001). \u201cCitizenship as Contingent Natural Belonging: Married Women and Foreigners in Twentieth Century Switzerland \u201cin Gender &amp; History, Jg 13, 625.<\/p>\n<p>Swiss Federal Court Decision 125II 417, p. 424s., 128 IV 201 p. 205s. Or Decision of 12 October 2012 (2C_828\/2011) Consideration 5).<\/p>\n<p>The Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness Persons 1961, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 989, 175.<\/p>\n<p>The General Assembly Resolutions AG\/RES. 1693 (XXIX-O\/99), AG\/RES. 1762 (XXX-O\/00), AG\/RES. 1832 (XXXI-O\/01), AG\/RES. 1892 (XXXII-O\/02), AG\/RES. 1971 (XXXIII-O\/03), AG\/RES. 2047 (XXXIV-O\/04), AG\/RES. 2511 (XXXIX-O\/09), AG\/RES. 2599 (XL-O\/10), AG\/RES. 2665 (XLI-O\/11), and AG\/RES. 2787 (XLIII-O\/13) on the issue of prevention and reduction of statelessness and protection of stateless persons in the Americas.<\/p>\n<p>Tumer, Bryan S. and Peter Hamilton, eds. (2002). Citizenship Critical Concepts, (London\/New York, Routledge,), vol. 1, 3.<\/p>\n<p>U.O Umozurike (2005)., Introduction to International Law, 3rd ed., (Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited),156<\/p>\n<p>Ubaku, Kelechi et al (2014) Impact of Nationalist Movement on the Acquisition of Nigerian Independence: 1914-1960\u201d vol. 2 (1) International Journal of History and Philosophy Research, 54-67.<\/p>\n<p>W. B Hallaq, (2009). An introduction to Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 16.<\/p>\n<p>Wael B. Hallaq, (2009). An introduction to Islamic Law, (McGill University, 22.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Interview conducted on 14th April, 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Abdul Razak Abdulmojeed Alaro is a professor of Islamic law at, department of Islamic Law, Faculty of Law, university of Ilorin, Nigeria.<\/p>\n<p>Ibraheem Ridwan Olagunju is a doctor of philosophy in Islamic law, department of Islamic Law, Faculty of Law, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.<\/p>\n<p>Numan Sulyman is an Islamic scholar, legal practitioner, and chief imam of Sheik Abdulrahman Jetemiodara Central Mosque, Olorunshogo, Ilorin, Nigeria<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_tab][\/et_pb_tabs][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DECEMBER 2023The Determination of the Citizenship of a Child Born on Board an International Aircraft: An analysis from the Perspectives of International, Nigerian, and Islamic lawIsmail Adua Mustapha, ismail.am@unilorin.edu.ngBusiness Law, University of Ilorin, NigeriaReceived: June 16, 2023 | Revised: July 30, 2023 | Accepted: August 09, 2023 | Published: December 15, 20232023, Vol. 8(2), pp. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3764","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3764","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3764"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3764\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3961,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3764\/revisions\/3961"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jcil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3764"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}