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Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia

60 (1) 2026 –

Ecological Footprint Dynamics in Developing Islamic Economies: Is There Convergence?

Department of Economics and Finance
University of New Orleans
2000 Lakeshore Drive New Orleans/USA, LA 70148

mhassan@uno.edu

Department of Finance, Banking and Insurance
Necmettin Erbakan University
Köyceğiz, Demeç Sk. No:42/3, 42140 Meram/Konya/Türkiye

hsnkazak@gmail.com

Department of International Trade and Finance
Necmettin Erbakan University
Köyceğiz, Demeç Sk. No:42/3, 42140 Meram/Konya/Türkiye
Email: tayfurakcan@hotmail.com

tayfurakcan@hotmail.com

Department of Administration and Organization
Aksaray University
Aksaray Üniversitesi 68100 Merkez /Aksaray/Türkiye

abdullah.kilicarslan@aksaray.edu.tr

Department of Insurance and Social Security
KTO Karatay University
Akabe Mah. Alaaddin Kap Cad. No:130 42020 Karatay / Konya / Türkiye

ebru.yazicioglu@karatay.edu.tr

Abstract

Climate change and environmental degradation increasingly shape development policy, and reducing ecological footprints has become a central objective. This study uses the Factor PANIC LM test to assess whether per capita ecological footprints converge among member states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) over 1981–2022, accounting for cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneous dynamics. Yet the pattern is not universal. The estimates indicate statistically significant convergence for most OIC countries; however, Algeria, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Tunisia fall outside this convergence. An analysis of convergence breaks also identifies periods associated with United Nations-led environmental initiatives, which are consistent with substantial shifts in national environmental policies. Consequently, international environmental protocols and targeted sustainability regulations are confirmed as influential in promoting ecological convergence. This underscores the necessity for tailored policy actions and collaborative international governance to enhance environmental sustainability across developing countries.

Keywords

convergence analysis; Ecological footprint; green development; organization of Islamic cooperation; sustainability policies
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Hassan, M. K., Kazak, H., Akcan, A. T., Kilicarslan, A., & Yazicioglu, S. E. (2026). Ecological Footprint Dynamics in Developing Islamic Economies: Is There Convergence?. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 60(1), –.

@article{hassan2026ecological,
  title={Ecological Footprint Dynamics in Developing Islamic Economies: Is There Convergence?},
  author={Hassan, Mohammad Kabir and Kazak, Hasan and Akcan, Ahmet Tayfur and Kilicarslan, Abdullah and Yazicioglu, Sabet Ebru},
  journal={Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia},
  volume={60},
  number={1},
  pages={—},
 

year={2026},
}

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