{"id":4216,"date":"2021-06-13T14:03:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-13T06:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/?post_type=article&p=4216"},"modified":"2022-07-27T11:18:12","modified_gmt":"2022-07-27T03:18:12","slug":"the-impact-of-tourism-demand-government-expenditure-on-education-and-income-on-the-environment-in-asean-5-countries","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/article\/the-impact-of-tourism-demand-government-expenditure-on-education-and-income-on-the-environment-in-asean-5-countries\/","title":{"rendered":"The Impact of Tourism Demand, Government Expenditure on Education and Income on the Environment in ASEAN-5 Countries"},"content":{"rendered":"

ASEAN <\/span>countries heavily rely on tourism and therefore are vulnerable towards environmental disruptions. Tourism demand (<\/span>TD<\/span>)<\/span>, <\/span>government expenditure on education (<\/span>GEE<\/span>) and income (<\/span>INC<\/span>) are among the main factors that increase the total global carbon dioxide emissions which lead to climate change<\/span>, <\/span>hence making them the key focus areas in <\/span>ASEAN<\/span>-5 countries. This study analysed whether the environmental Kuznets curve (<\/span>EKC<\/span>) holds for all <\/span>ASEAN <\/span>countries from 1970 until 2014 using nonlinear autoregression distribution lag (<\/span>NARDL<\/span>) method. It also analyses whether all variables are asymmetric to the environment in the long-run. In the long-run<\/span>, <\/span>the carbon dioxide emission response could have a negative change in <\/span>INC <\/span>for Malaysia (<\/span>MLY<\/span>)<\/span>, <\/span>India (<\/span>IND<\/span>)<\/span>, <\/span>Singapore (<\/span>SNG<\/span>)<\/span>, <\/span>and the Philippines (<\/span>PHL<\/span>). However<\/span>, <\/span>in Thailand (<\/span>THL<\/span>)<\/span>, <\/span>the carbon dioxide emission response could lead to a positive change in <\/span>INC<\/span>. This study found an asymmetric long-run effect of the <\/span>INC<\/span>, <\/span>GEE<\/span>, <\/span>and <\/span>TD <\/span>on the environment in <\/span>ASEAN<\/span>-5 countries. In conclusion<\/span>, <\/span>EKC <\/span>does not hold in all cases<\/span>, <\/span>but is detected in some of the variables. In this case<\/span>, <\/span>legal regulations are needed to avoid environmental degradation due to inefficient economic mechanisms that are insufficient to reduce the total global carbon dioxide emissions.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","tags":[624,622,621,623],"jel-code":[],"article-type":[1329],"class_list":["entry","author-jem","post-4216","article","type-article","status-publish","tag-asean-5-countries","tag-asymmetry","tag-environmental-kuznets-curve-ekc","tag-nonlinear-autoregression-distribution-lag-nardl","article-type-normal-article"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/4216","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/article"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/4216\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4224,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/4216\/revisions\/4224"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4216"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4216"},{"taxonomy":"jel-code","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/jel-code?post=4216"},{"taxonomy":"article-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article-type?post=4216"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}