{"id":9407,"date":"2026-05-05T13:13:08","date_gmt":"2026-05-05T05:13:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/?post_type=article&#038;p=9407"},"modified":"2026-05-13T08:39:28","modified_gmt":"2026-05-13T00:39:28","slug":"ecological-footprint-dynamics-in-developing-islamic-economies-is-there-convergence","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/article\/ecological-footprint-dynamics-in-developing-islamic-economies-is-there-convergence\/","title":{"rendered":"Ecological Footprint Dynamics in Developing Islamic Economies: Is There Convergence?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Climate change and environmental degradation increasingly shape development policy, and reducing ecological footprints has become a central objective. This study uses the Factor PANIC LM test to assess whether per capita ecological footprints converge among member states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) over 1981\u20132022, accounting for cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneous dynamics. Yet the pattern is not universal. The estimates indicate statistically significant convergence for most OIC countries; however, Algeria, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Tunisia fall outside this convergence. An analysis of convergence breaks also identifies periods associated with United Nations-led environmental initiatives, which are consistent with substantial shifts in national environmental policies. Consequently, international environmental protocols and targeted sustainability regulations are confirmed as influential in promoting ecological convergence. This underscores the necessity for tailored policy actions and collaborative international governance to enhance environmental sustainability across developing countries.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","tags":[2039,2037,2038,2040,2041],"jel-code":[],"article-type":[1329],"class_list":["entry","author-asriwn","post-9407","article","type-article","status-publish","tag-convergence-analysis","tag-ecological-footprint","tag-green-development","tag-organization-of-islamic-cooperation","tag-sustainability-policies","article-type-normal-article"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ecological Footprint Dynamics in Developing Islamic Economies: Is There Convergence? | Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/article\/ecological-footprint-dynamics-in-developing-islamic-economies-is-there-convergence\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ecological Footprint Dynamics in Developing Islamic Economies: Is There Convergence? | Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Climate change and environmental degradation increasingly shape development policy, and reducing ecological footprints has become a central objective. This study uses the Factor PANIC LM test to assess whether per capita ecological footprints converge among member states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) over 1981\u20132022, accounting for cross-sectional dependenceContinue Reading\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/article\/ecological-footprint-dynamics-in-developing-islamic-economies-is-there-convergence\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Jurnal-Ekonomi-Malaysia-JEM-104142808087485\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-05-13T00:39:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@EkonomiJurnal\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/article\\\/ecological-footprint-dynamics-in-developing-islamic-economies-is-there-convergence\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/article\\\/ecological-footprint-dynamics-in-developing-islamic-economies-is-there-convergence\\\/\",\"name\":\"Ecological Footprint Dynamics in Developing Islamic Economies: Is There Convergence? | Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-05-05T05:13:08+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-05-13T00:39:28+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/article\\\/ecological-footprint-dynamics-in-developing-islamic-economies-is-there-convergence\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/article\\\/ecological-footprint-dynamics-in-developing-islamic-economies-is-there-convergence\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/article\\\/ecological-footprint-dynamics-in-developing-islamic-economies-is-there-convergence\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Articles\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/article\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Ecological Footprint Dynamics in Developing Islamic Economies: Is There Convergence?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/\",\"name\":\"Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia\",\"description\":\"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/cropped-browser-icon-letter-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/05\\\/cropped-browser-icon-letter-1.png\",\"width\":512,\"height\":308,\"caption\":\"Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ukm.my\\\/jem\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/Jurnal-Ekonomi-Malaysia-JEM-104142808087485\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/EkonomiJurnal\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Ecological Footprint Dynamics in Developing Islamic Economies: Is There Convergence? | Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/article\/ecological-footprint-dynamics-in-developing-islamic-economies-is-there-convergence\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Ecological Footprint Dynamics in Developing Islamic Economies: Is There Convergence? | Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia","og_description":"Climate change and environmental degradation increasingly shape development policy, and reducing ecological footprints has become a central objective. 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