{"id":9407,"date":"2026-05-05T13:13:08","date_gmt":"2026-05-05T05:13:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/?post_type=article&#038;p=9407"},"modified":"2026-05-05T13:13:08","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T05:13:08","slug":"ecological-footprint-dynamics-in-developing-islamic-economies-is-there-convergence","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/article\/ecological-footprint-dynamics-in-developing-islamic-economies-is-there-convergence\/","title":{"rendered":"Ecological Footprint Dynamics in Developing Islamic Economies: Is There Convergence?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Climate change and environmental degradation increasingly shape development policy, and reducing ecological footprints has become a central objective. This study uses the Factor PANIC LM test to assess whether per capita ecological footprints converge among member states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) over 1981\u20132022, accounting for cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneous dynamics. Yet the pattern is not universal. The estimates indicate statistically significant convergence for most OIC countries; however, Algeria, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Tunisia fall outside this convergence. An analysis of convergence breaks also identifies periods associated with United Nations-led environmental initiatives, which are consistent with substantial shifts in national environmental policies. Consequently, international environmental protocols and targeted sustainability regulations are confirmed as influential in promoting ecological convergence. This underscores the necessity for tailored policy actions and collaborative international governance to enhance environmental sustainability across developing countries.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","tags":[2039,2037,2038,2040,2041],"jel-code":[],"article-type":[1329],"class_list":["entry","author-asriwn","post-9407","article","type-article","status-publish","tag-convergence-analysis","tag-ecological-footprint","tag-green-development","tag-organization-of-islamic-cooperation","tag-sustainability-policies","article-type-normal-article"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/9407","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/article"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/9407\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9419,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/9407\/revisions\/9419"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9407"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9407"},{"taxonomy":"jel-code","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/jel-code?post=9407"},{"taxonomy":"article-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article-type?post=9407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}