{"id":6108,"date":"2026-09-30T17:07:32","date_gmt":"2026-09-30T09:07:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jkukm\/?page_id=6108"},"modified":"2026-09-30T17:37:17","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T09:37:17","slug":"volume-3806-2026","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ukm.my\/jkukm\/volume-3806-2026\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume 38 (06) September 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Volume 38 (06) September 2026<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Table of Content<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
No.<\/strong><\/td>Article<\/strong><\/td>Page<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\n
1.<\/td>\n \n \n


Mechanical Function Analysis of Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) Exposure and Musculoskeletal Disability Index Among Malaysian Train Drivers<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Farah Nurdiyana Yazid, Alia Farhana Mahyuddin, Fairus Muhamad Darus, Ayuni Nabilah Alias, Aida Soraya Shamsuddin & Nurulain Mustafa Udin<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Train drivers are exposed to prolonged sitting and whole-body vibration (WBV) during train operation, which may increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. This study assesses the WBV exposure levels and estimated the prevalence of neck pain and low back pain (LBP) among train drivers. WBV exposure was evaluated for six train drivers using A (8) and vibration dose value (VDV (8)) in accordance with ISO 2631-1:1997 and EU Directive 2002\/44\/EC. A crosssectional survey involving 51 train drivers was conducted using socio-demographic and occupational questionnaires, as well as the Standardised Nordic Questionnaire, the Neck Disability Index (NDI), and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). The mean A (8) and VDV (8) values (1.174 m\/s\u00b2 and 35.0 m\/s1.75, respectively) exceeded the Exposure Action Value and Exposure Limit Value. A high prevalence of LBP (78.4%), as well as upper and lower neck pain (49.0% and 47.1%, respectively) was observed. Respondents reported functional limitations related to neck pain, while 64.7% of drivers had moderate to severe disability associated with prolonged sitting and ergonomic strain. These indings highlight the need for effective control measures to reduce WBV exposure and mitigate the impact on musculoskeletal health among train drivers.<\/p>\n

Whole-Body Vibration (WBV); mechanical function; system elements; musculoskeletal disability<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-01\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2661-2671<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>\n \n \n


Postural Risk Assessment in Construction Using Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and Ovako Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS)<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Dayana Hazwani Mohd Suadi Nata, Ruban Raj Krishnan , Melor Amran , Putri Anis Syahira Mohamad Jamil , Noor Shatirah Mohamad Fandi Voon & Imam Munajat Nurhastonosuro<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Detailed postural assessment is crucial in the construction sector due to the high physical demands, awkward positions, and repetitive manual tasks that contribute to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs). This study aimed to evaluate ergonomic risk levels and their association with musculoskeletal discomfort among Malaysian construction workers using an integrated approach combining the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and the Ovako Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS). Integrating both tools provides a comprehensive assessment as REBA captures task-specific biomechanical loads, while OWAS reflects cumulative postural stress during static and dynamic tasks. A cross-sectional study was conducted at four construction sites involving 106 workers. Musculoskeletal discomfort was assessed using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), capturing symptoms over the past 12 months and 7 days. Postural risks were quantified using two complementary ergonomic tools the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and the Ovako Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS)through video analysis and structured field observations. Within the past 7 days, the most reported musculoskeletal symptoms were localized to the lower back (64.2%), wrists\/hands (50.8%) and shoulders (49.1%). REBA analysis revealed that 73.6% of workers were exposed to high to very high ergonomic risk, with fibre installers exhibiting the highest mean score (11.2 \u00b1 2.1). OWAS evaluation indicated that 58.4% of observed postures fell into Action Categories 3 or 4, signifying a need for prompt corrective intervention A strong positive correlation between REBA and OWAS scores (r = 0.61, p < 0.01) demonstrated consistent identification of postural risks, particularly among ironworkers and carpenters. Chi-square analysis further confirmed significant associations between elevated ergonomic risk levels and reported discomfort in the lower back and shoulders (p < 0.05). The integrated use of REBA and OWAS provides a robust ergonomic evaluation framework that can guide targeted interventions and inform policy to reduce WRMSDs among construction workers.<\/p>\n

Construction ergonomics; REBA; OWAS; Musculoskeletal disorders; Postural risk assessment<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-02\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2673-2683<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>\n \n \n


Pilot Feasibility and Preliminary Reliability of a Multi-Domain Fatigue-Risk Assessment Protocol for Shift Workers in a Malaysian Palm Oil Mill<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Sukmindar Singh Telochan Singh & Dayana Hazwani Mohd Suadi Nata<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Occupational fatigue is a work-system risk that may compromise worker safety, health, and operational performance. Before implementing a fatigue-risk intervention, the practicality and preliminary measurement performance of the proposed assessment protocol should be established. This pilot study assessed the feasibility and preliminary internal consistency reliability of a multi-domain fatigue-risk assessment protocol among shift workers in a Malaysian palm oil mill. A quantitative cross-sectional pilot study was conducted among 26 randomly selected shift workers. Participants completed a paper-based, six-section assessment protocol covering sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, burnout, psychological distress, perceived mental effort, personal wellbeing, and individual work performance. Feasibility outcomes included completion among enrolled participants, missing analytic item responses, completion time, and administration practicality. Descriptive statistics and Cronbach\u2019s alpha coefficients were calculated for applicable multi-item scales and domains. All enrolled participants completed the assessment, and no missing analytic item responses were observed. The average completion time was approximately 27 minutes. Participants had a mean age of 33.4 years (SD = 9.7), while the mean reported daily working duration was 10.2 hours (SD = 2.3). The personal burnout and work-related burnout domains of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory showed Cronbach\u2019s alpha values of 0.802 and 0.760, respectively. The Personal Wellbeing Index demonstrated acceptable preliminary internal consistency (\u03b1 = 0.751), while the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire domains ranged from 0.722 to 0.894. A reverse-scored burnout item and selected wellbeing items required further review. The findings support the feasibility of the paper-based protocol and identify measurement and procedural refinements required before the main intervention study. This pilot was not designed to estimate fatigue prevalence, establish construct validity, or evaluate intervention effectiveness.<\/p>\n

Occupational fatigue; fatigue risk management; pilot study; shift workers<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-03\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2685-2696<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
4.<\/td>\n \n \n


Association between Rapid Office Strain Assessment Scores and Musculoskeletal Symptoms among University Administrative Staff<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Nurul Ainun Hamzah , Nor Atirah Mat Rani , Nurul Atikah Che Hasan , Nurhidayah Sabri , Tofan Agung Eka Prasetya , Rumaizah Ruslan & Nurul Izzah Abdul Samad<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) remain a major occupational health concern among office employees, despite growing awareness of workplace ergonomics. Evidence on the relationship between workstation ergonomic risk and musculoskeletal symptoms among university administrative staff remains limited. This study evaluated ergonomic risk using the Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA), determined the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms, and examined their associations with workstation ergonomic risk and work-related factors among administrative staff at a Malaysian public university. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 54 full-time administrative employees selected through simple random sampling. Workstation ergonomic risk was assessed using ROSA, and musculoskeletal symptoms were measured using the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, Spearman\u2019s rank correlation, and linear regression analyses were conducted in SPSS version 27, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The mean ROSA score was 2.93 \u00b1 0.82, with 77.8% of workstations classified as low risk. Despite this, 96.3% of participants reported at least one musculoskeletal symptom, most commonly in the lower back (79.6%), neck (74.1%), and upper back (72.2%). No significant association was found between ROSA scores and MSD symptoms. Multiple regression identified years of employment (\u03b2 = 0.453, p = 0.024), frequent bending (\u03b2 = 4.875, p = 0.045), and arm and hand exertion (\u03b2 =\u2212 3.790, p = 0.028) as independent predictors of total symptom scores. These findings suggest that cumulative occupational exposure and work demands may contribute more substantially to musculoskeletal symptoms than workstation ergonomic risk alone. Comprehensive ergonomic interventions integrating workstation optimisation, work organisation, and ergonomic education are recommended to reduce the MSD burden and improve occupational health among university administrative staff.<\/p>\n

musculoskeletal disorders; Rapid Office Strain Assessment; office workstation; administrative staff<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-04\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2697-2709<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
5.<\/td>\n \n \n


Experimental Evaluation of a Heart Rate\u2013Based Warning System for Driver Sleepiness Detection<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Afiq Rahman Mohammad , Hazran Husain , Adrianto Sugiarto Wiyono & Ahmad Khushairy Makhtara<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Driver sleepiness is a major contributor to road accidents, making early detection and intervention essential for improving driving safety. This study presents an experimental evaluation of a heart rate (HR)\u2013based warning system designed to identify physiological indicators of drowsiness and provide timely alerts to drivers. Fifteen licensed drivers (aged 21\u201326) completed four 30-minute sessions in a monotonous driving simulator while HR was continuously measured using a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor and subjective sleepiness was assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Results showed a progressive decline in HR across baseline sessions (S1\u2013S3: 83.70 \u2192 76.05 \u2192 70.17 bpm), corresponding with increasing sleepiness (KSS: 5.86 \u2192 6.16 \u2192 6.27). When the HRbased warning system was activated in Session 4, HR increased to 75.71 bpm while KSS decreased slightly to 6.06, indicating a partial reversal of drowsiness. Repeated-measures ANOVA confirmed significant effects of session on both HR and KSS (p < .05). These findings demonstrate that HR monitoring can effectively detect physiological changes associated with driver sleepiness and that a threshold-based auditory alert can elicit an acute arousal response. While results show promise, findings are based on a simulator study and validation with larger, real-world datasets is recommended.<\/p>\n

Driver sleepiness; driver heart rate; warning system; Karolinska Sleepiness Scale; drowsiness<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-05\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2711-2719<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
6.<\/td>\n \n \n


Heatwave Effects on Sea Level and Sea Surface Temperature Variations: A Multi-Decadal Satellite Altimetry Study in Malaysia<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Muhammad Zulhaikal Abdul Razak, Mohammad Hanif Hamden , Ami Hassan Md Din , Fatin Nabihah Syahira Ridzuan , Amalina Izzati Abdul Hamid , Mohd Fadzil Mohd Akhir , Ku Nor Afiza Asnida Ku Mansor , Muhammad Syahrullah Fathulhuda , Muhammad Faiz Pa\u2019suya , Nur Adilla Zulkifli & Mat Nizam Uti<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Heatwaves events is one of the consequences from the global warming and climate change. In a warming ocean temperature, sea level variations are expected to increase in correlation with the temperature fluctuations. Coastal flooding and erosion also occur significantly due to the sea level fluctuation, giving impacts towards economic and marine ecosystem. This study aims to investigate the impacts of heatwaves towards sea level and sea surface temperature using multi-mission satellite altimetry. The satellite altimetry missions derived Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) around the Malaysian Seas from 1993 until 2023. Celebes Sea have showed a mixed correlation coefficient from -0.4223 to 0.8960. Sulu Sea have a small to strong positive correlation with coefficient from 0.2548 to 0.8481. Malacca Straits showed weak to moderate correlation coefficient from -0.020 to 0.4365. South China Sea show a significant and strong negative correlation\nfrom -0.5540 to -0.8107. Seasonal variations by the Australian-Asian monsoon system and local current flow played a significant role for the correlation of SLA and SST. In conclusion, this study is important in creating awareness for potential future climate change events, particularly heatwaves that could have a significant impact on the country.<\/p>\n

Satellite altimetry; sea level anomaly; sea surface temperature; climate change; correlation<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-06\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2721-2739<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
7.<\/td>\n \n \n


Towards Environmental Sustainability: Transformation of Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) Biosolids<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Siti Nur Aida Damanhuri , Nur Syahira Syamimi Razali, Siti Fairuz Zainudin, Alijah Mohd Aris & Khor Bee Chin<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Biosolids are nutrient-rich organic materials derived from domestic wastewater treatment plants, which have gained increasing recognition as valuable resources due to their diverse organic and inorganic constituents. These constituents find beneficial applications across agriculture, civil engineering and energy recovery sectors. Since the late 1990s, Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) has led research and innovation in converting sewage sludge into nutrient-rich biosolids. These biosolids serve as effective fertilisers, significantly enhancing agricultural productivity and soil health while minimizing reliance on chemical fertilisers thereby promoting environmental conservation through the reuse and recycling of organic waste. Over the years, the generation of sewage sludge has increased alongside urbanisation and population growth, posing challenges for traditional disposal methods. IWK has responded with advancements in biosolids management, offering a sustainable solution by transforming this waste into a valuable resource. Addressing challenges in biosolids management, including public perception, is crucial for the widespread adoption of these sustainable practices. Ongoing research and development by IWK play a crucial role in optimising biosolids applications and expanding their benefits. Innovations in treatment processes ensure biosolids meet stringent regulatory standards for safe agricultural and other beneficial uses, safeguarding public health and the environment. By transforming waste into a valuable resource, IWK\u2019s initiatives demonstrate substantial progress in sustainable waste management, the circular economy and environmental stewardship. Biosolids contribute to a circular economy by closing the nutrient cycle and reducing dependency on finite resources. It enhances soil fertility and contributes to environmental resilience, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.<\/p>\n

Biosolids; waste management; reuse; nutrient; circular economy<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-07\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2741-2749<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
8.<\/td>\n \n \n


Road User Cost of Rural Low-Volume Roads Servicing Agricultural Areas in Malaysia<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Azhar Azmi<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Road systems are vital to economic growth of an area. High road user cost (RUC) can potentially negate the economics benefit and impede growth. This is crucial for rural areas, where most activities are related to agriculture and other modes of transportation are limited. The road user cost consists of the vehicle operation cost (VOC) and travel time cost. VOC is influenced by road quality performance as well as fuel prices. Travel time cost is the economic loss of due time spent during travel, and this is related to the vehicular speeds. The objective of this study is to ascertain the road user cost on rural low volume roads servicing agricultural areas in Malaysia in three cases, namely where there is no road improvement undertaken, rehabilitation works undertaken, and upgrading works undertaken. This study also examines the impact of changes of fuel prices on RUC. Two rural low volume minor roads servicing agricultural areas under the Federal Land Development Authority programme selected for this study. The roads are Jalan Felda Kemahang and Jalan Felda Jengka. In order to determine the road user cost, the traffic volume must be obtained. A manual classified traffic count survey was carried out for duration 16 hours along the roadway. The road condition is measured by the international road roughness index (IRI) in the unit of m\/km, by using a profiling device. It was found if the road condition is poor the road user cost is estimated 12.903 million RM\/year for Jalan Felda Kemahang. For Jalan Felda Kemahang road rehabilitation reduces the RUC by 6%. As for road upgrading works for Jalan Felda Kemahang can reduce RUC by 26%. In terms of fuel price increase, it was found that the RUC increased by 2% and by 6% for Jalan Felda Kemahang and Jalan Felda Jengka respectively.<\/p>\n

Transportation economics; rural low volume road; agricultural roads<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-08\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2751-2760<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
9.<\/td>\n \n \n


Prediction of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Cement-stabilised Laterite Soil under Climate-Induced Wetting and Drying Cycles<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Norshakila Abdul Wahab, Ahmad Safuan A Rashid , Azman Kassim , Nur Syahirah Syuhadah Zakaria , Mohamad Jawed Roshan , Roslizayati Razali<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Climate change, characterised by rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns, significantly impacts the geotechnical behaviour of soil. This includes alterations in soil\u2019s shear strength, compressibility, and permeability, which in turn affect soil structure and its ability to manage water absorption and retention. Increasing soil moisture can generally reduce permeability by filling finer pores and decreasing pore system connectivity. However, the impact of unsaturated conditions on the soil\u2019s permeability is often overlooked in design compared to\nsaturated conditions. Hence, changes in temperature and rainfall patterns may affect water infiltration into the soil, potentially reducing groundwater recharge and increasing flood risks. Johor, Malaysia, has extensive tropical soil coverage (tropical region), which serves as the focus of this study. Hence, the research aims to elucidate how climate change influences both unstabilised and cement-stabilised laterite soils\u2019 permeability by conducting the falling head permeability tests to determine saturated hydraulic conductivity (ksat), while unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (kunsat) is derived using GeoStudio (SEEP\/W) based on experimental data from soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) and ksat under varying matric suctions. Results indicate that both saturated and unsaturated conditions significantly affect the permeability coefficient of unstabilised and cement-stabilised laterite soils, with the substantial reduction in permeability largely attributed to the effect of saturation and stabiliser. Thus, predicting unsaturated permeability coefficients in the context of climate change is crucial for effective disaster management, as it will improves infrastructure design, enhances risk assessments, and supports community preparedness, ultimately fostering more resilient societies capable of withstanding the challenges of a changing climate.<\/p>\n

Climate change; saturated and unsaturated conditions; cement; permeability; disaster management<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-09\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2761-2773<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
10.<\/td>\n \n \n


Reka Bentuk Unit Bahan Meta Boleh Laras dengan Ketelusan dan Kebolehtelapan Negatif untuk Aplikasi 5G<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Design of a Tunable Metamaterial Unit with Negative Permeability and Permittivity for 5G Applications<\/em><\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Nurul Arbaatun Adawiah Zamanuri , Norsuzlin Mohd Sahar , Azahari Salleh , & M. Tariqul Islam<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Kajian ini membentangkan reka bentuk unit bahan meta yang boleh laras berasaskan struktur resonans gelang belah (SRR) heksagon yang mempamerkan ciri-ciri ketelusan dan kebolehtelapan negatif untuk aplikasi Generasi kelima (5G). Unit yang dicadangkan ini mempunyai struktur yang ringkas dan menggunakan SRR heksagon berbilang lapis dengan jurang bergandingan,dikelilingi oleh rangka pengganding bagi tujuan penalaan yang lebih fleksibel. Pendekatan ini membolehkan pengawalan sifat elektromagnet secara efisien tanpa meningkatkan kerumitan reka bentuk secara signifikan. Struktur kuprum ini diintegrasikan pada substrat dielektrik Rogers 5870 bersaiz 6 \u00d7 6 cm\u00b2 dengan ketebalan 1.575 mm, yang dipilih kerana kehilangan rendah dan kestabilan prestasi pada frekuensi tinggi.Hasil simulasi\nmenunjukkan bahawa reka bentuk ini mencapai lebar jalur \u201310 dB dalam lingkungan frekuensi 12\u201314 GHz dan 20\u201330 GHz, yang merangkumi sebahagian jalur frekuensi gelombang milimeter yang relevan untuk aplikasi komunikasi moden. Selain itu, unit ini mempamerkan ketelusan negatif pada frekuensi 12.496 GHz, 21 GHz dan 24 GHz, serta kebolehtelapan negatif dalam julat 5\u201311 GHz dan 13\u201324 GHz, yang menunjukkan ciri bahan dwi-negatif yang penting dalam aplikasi meta bahan.Keupayaan penalaan yang ditawarkan oleh struktur ini memberikan kelebihan tambahan dalam menyesuaikan respons frekuensi mengikut keperluan sistem. Oleh itu, unit bahan meta ini berpotensi tinggi untuk diintegrasikan bersama antena bagi meningkatkan prestasi seperti penguatan, kecekapan radiasi dan pengawalan arah\npancaran. Secara keseluruhannya, kajian ini membuktikan bahawa reka bentuk bahan meta boleh laras mampu menyumbang kepada pembangunan sistem elektromagnet berprestasi tinggi, khususnya dalam aplikasi komunikasi tanpa wayar lanjutan seperti 5G dan sistem radar.<\/p>\n

Bahan meta boleh laras; ketelusan negatif; aplikasi 5G<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-10\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2775-2784<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
11.<\/td>\n \n \n


Pengaruh Fenomena Gerhana Matahari Penuh 21 Ogos 2017 Terhadap Pengionan Ionosfera Berdasarkan Data TEC dan Medan Geomagnet<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Influence of August 21, 2017 Total Solar Eclipse on Ionospheric Ionization Based on TEC and Geomagnetic Field Data<\/em><\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Nurul Shazana Abdul Hamid, Choo Jin Yao Bryan , Siti Aminah Bahari, Idahwati Sarudin & Nur Izzati Mohd Rosli<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Gerhana matahari merupakan fenomena astronomi yang berlaku apabila Bulan menghalang sinaran suria daripada mencapai atmosfera atas Bumi, seterusnya menyebabkan pengurangan mendadak dalam kadar pengionan ionosfera. Oleh itu, kajian ini dijalankan untuk meneliti kesan Gerhana Matahari Penuh terhadap ionosfera yang berlaku pada 21 Ogos 2017. Penelitian ini dibuat berdasarkan analisis variasi jumlah kandungan elektron (Total electron content, TEC) dan ketumpatan fluks magnet. Data TEC diperoleh daripada stesen penerima GPS P779 (zon gerhana penuh) dan COFC (zon gerhana separa) melalui rangkaian IGS, manakala data medan geomagnet diperolehi daripada stesen magnetometer BOU melalui pangkalan data SuperMAG. Analisis dijalankan dengan membandingkan profil hari gerhana terhadap purata hari senyap bagi mengenal pasti anomali yang wujud. Hasil kajian menunjukkan penurunan nilai TEC yang signifikan iaitu sebanyak 10 TECU di stesen P779 dan 3 TECU di stesen COFC, selaras dengan tahap pengurangan sinaran suria mengikut zon gerhana. Dari aspek geomagnet, stesen BOU merekodkan pola \u201cdwi-puncak\u201d yang unik semasa fasa maksimum gerhana, berbeza dengan pola harian lazim. Kestabilan indeks Dst yang menghampiri sifar mengesahkan bahawa gangguan ini berpunca daripada gerhana dan bukannya ribut geomagnet. Secara keseluruhan, dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengurangan pengionan semasa gerhana bukan sahaja menjejaskan taburan ketumpatan electron dalam ionosfera, malah memberi impak terukur terhadap sifat magnetiknya melalui perubahan arus ionosfera.<\/p>\n

Gerhana matahari; ionosfera; medan geomagnet; jumlah kandungan elektron<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-11\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2785-2792<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
12.<\/td>\n \n \n


Surface Finish Improvement Using Retraction Method for Fused Deposition Modeling Printed Samples<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Thavinnesh Kumar Rajendran, Mohd Afiq Shahrum, Shajahan Maidin , Shafinaz Ismail & Ahmad Najmuddeen<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

In additive manufacturing, retraction is a key technique for minimizing stringing, oozing, and blobs when the print head moves between model sections without extruding the filament. Proper retraction tuning is critical for improving print quality, as overly aggressive settings can cause under-extrusion, nozzle clogs, or extruder wear, while weak retraction may fail to eliminate artifacts. This study explores the effects of three retraction parameters such as z-lift, speed, and lengthon the surface roughness of 3D printed parts using an orthogonal array design. 27 samples were printed using Folgertech open-source FDM 3D printers with ABS-M30i material. Test samples were modeled using SolidWorks CAD software and printed using Repetier software to optimize quality. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured using the Mitutoyo Surftest SJ 301, and surface structures were analyzed with a Stereo Microscope. Results show that Sample 11, with a z-lift of 1 mm, speed of 20 mm\/s, and retraction length of 1 mm, achieved the lowest Ra value (1.33 \u03bcm). In contrast, Sample 23, with a z-lift of 2 mm, speed of 40 mm\/s, and length of 5 mm, produced the highest Ra value (5.93 \u03bcm). These findings demonstrate that surface finish quality is significantly influenced by retraction parameters. The experimental design approach effectively identifies optimal process parameter\ncombinations with minimal trials, providing a strategy for optimizing surface finish in FDM 3D printing.<\/p>\n

Additive manufacturing; Fused Deposition Modeling; surface roughness; Retraction Method; ABS-M30i<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-12\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2793-2802<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
13.<\/td>\n \n \n


Mod Pengangkutan di dalam Kampus yang Menyumbang kepada Kebolehsampaian Kampus Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia bagi Menarik Pengguna<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Modes of Transport on Campus that Contribute to the Accessibility of the University Kebangsaan Malaysia Campus to Attract Users<\/em><\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Nor Hazwani bt Hembali , Nor Haslina Ja\u2019afar, Idawarni Asmal , Wan Norisma Wan Ismail & Maslina Jamil<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Sebagai sebuah institusi pengajian tinggi, kampus universiti berfungsi sebagai pusat penyebaran ilmu dan pembangunan modal insan masa depan serta pemimpin negara. Reka bentuk kampus yang berkesan adalah penting dalam mewujudkan persekitaran yang kondusif untuk pembelajaran dan interaksi sosial. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak kampus masih menghadapi batasan, terutamanya dalam menyediakan persekitaran mesra pejalan kaki, termasuk laluan pejalan kaki yang tidak berterusan, akses terhad untuk orang kurang upaya, dan teduhan yang tidak mencukupi di sepanjang laluan pejalan kaki. Di samping itu, ketidakcekapan dalam pengangkutan awam, seperti penjadualan yang tidak teratur, mengurangkan lagi kebolehpercayaan sistem. Akibatnya, kenderaan persendirian menjadi mod pergerakan yang dominan di kampus, yang membawa kepada risiko keselamatan pejalan kaki dan kesesakan lalu lintas. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti faktor utama yang mempengaruhi keberkesanan reka bentuk pengangkutan dalam persekitaran kampus. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (kawasan Alam Sekitar 1) dipilih sebagai kajian kes kerana penemuan terdahulu menunjukkan bahawa kemudahan pengangkutannya kurang memuaskan. Pendekatan kaedah campuran telah digunakan. Komponen kuantitatif melibatkan soal selidik dengan pengguna kampus (n=102), manakala komponen kualitatif merangkumi temu bual (n=21) dan pemerhatian. Data kuantitatif dianalisis menggunakan SPSS, dan data kualitatif melalui analisis tematik menggunakan NVIVO. Kaedah keratan rentas telah digunakan untuk\nmemastikan kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengangkutan kampus harus mengutamakan sistem bas bersepadu dan infrastruktur pejalan kaki yang lebih baik, kerana ini adalah mod mobiliti yang paling berkesan. Kajian ini memberikan input untuk menaik taraf Pelan Induk Kampus UKM dan meningkatkan ketersambungan dan kebolehcapaian ruang.<\/p>\n

Kampus; pejalan kaki; kebolehsampaians; jaringan<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-13\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2803-2814<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
14.<\/td>\n \n \n


Investigation on Flexural and Compression Strength and Microstructures of Vacuum Assisted 3D Printed Samples<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Thavinnesh Kumar Rajendran, Mohd Afiq Shahrum, Shajahan Maidin & Shafinaz Ismail<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Additive manufacturing (AM) has advanced significantly over the last decade, enabling the creation of complex geometries with functional parts. However, integrating vacuum pressure into open-source Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printers remains underexplored, particularly regarding its impact on the flexural and compression strengths of printed samples. This study investigates optimal printing process parameters to enhance these mechanical properties, focusing on infill density (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and vacuum pressure (21 inHg, 24 inHg, 27 inHg, and 30 inHg). Using ABS material, 48 samples were fabricated with an Up Plus 2 FDM printer encapsulated in a vacuum chamber, employing a complete factorial design with three replicates per parameter combination. Samples underwent flexural and compression strength tests, revealing a direct correlation between increased infill density and improved mechanical properties. Vacuum pressure significantly enhanced strengths, achieving up to a 100% increase in flexural strength and a 75% improvement in compression strength. Optimal conditions yielded a flexural stress of 39.76 N\/mm\u00b2 at 30 inHg\/100% and a compression stress of 38.69 N\/mm\u00b2 at 27 inHg\/100%. Microstructural analysis via optical microscopy confirmed enhanced interlayer bonding in vacuumassisted samples compared to non-assisted ones. These findings underscore the critical role of vacuum pressure in improving the mechanical properties of 3D-printed components, providing valuable insights for advancing FDM technology.<\/p>\n

Fused Deposition Modeling; flexural strength; compression strength; ABS; vacuum pressure; microstructure<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-14\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2815-2832<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
15.<\/td>\n \n \n


Pembangunan Penderia Gas Toluena Berasaskan Komposit Logam Oksida-Grafin<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Development of Acetone Gas Sensor Based on Metal Oxide-Graphene Based Composite<\/em><\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Puteri Nur Aisyah Abd Rahim , Norazreen Abd Aziz, Mohd Rofei Mat Hussin & Mohd Faizol Abdullah<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Toluena merupakan salah satu gas sebatian organik meruap yang mengandungi toksik yang dapat membahayakan kesihatan manusia walaupun dibebaskan adalah pada tahap rendah. Justeru, penderia gas toluena yang berkepekaan tinggi adalah penting untuk membantu mengesan kadar pembebasan gas toluena yang rendah pada persekitaran. Kaedah mengukur gas sedia ada yang menggunakan alat kromatograf adalah tidak efisien oleh kerana peralatannya yang besar. Kaedah sintesis bahan peka menggunakan kaedah CVD menggunakan peralatan yang berteknologi tinggi menjadikan kos penghasilan penderia mahal. Selain itu, penderia yang bahan pekanya yang menggunakan logam oksida sahaja beroperasi pada suhu tinggi. Oleh itu, kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan penderia gas toluena berasaskan Logam Oksida-Grafin berkepekaan tinggi yang boleh mengesan komposisi gas toluena pada kepekatan yang rendah pada suhu bilik. Bahan peka Logam Oksida-Grafin ini akan disintesis menggunakan teknik yang mudah dan murah. Dalam pada itu, kepemilihan, tahap tindak balas serta kestabilan penderia gas toluena yang dibangunkan akan dianalisa. Bahan peka penderia ini akan disintesis dan penderia akan dibangunkan dan diuji kepekaannya terhadap gas toluena. Pencirian bahan akan dilakukan bagi meneliti bentuk kristal dan satahnya serta morfologi bahan dan menentusahkan kehadiran grafin di dalam bahan peka yang disintesis. Setelah itu, hasil daripada pengujian kepekaan penderia serta pencirian bahan peka yang dijalankan akan dianalisa. Bahan peka Logam Oksida-Grafin yang disintesis di dalam kajian ini ialah Titanium Oksida-RGO melalui kaedah hidroterma. Bahan peka TiO-RGO ini bermorfologi nanosfera dan berbentuk nanokristal anatase. Kesimpulannya, penderia TiO-RGO ini boleh mengesan\ngas toluena pada kepekatan 6 ppm dengan kadar tindak balas 0.604% pada suhu bilik dengan kelembapan relatif 7\u00b1%.<\/p>\n

Penderia gas; toluena; grafin; titanium oksida<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-15\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2833-2841<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
16.<\/td>\n \n \n


Techno-Economic and Environmental Evaluation of Charging Strategy for the Harvesting Tools in Oil Palm Plantations Using HOMER Pro<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Nabilah Kamaliah Mustaffa, Norasikin Ahmad Ludin, Mohd Azwan Mohd Bakri , Mohd Rizal Ahmad & Ahmad Syazwan Ramli<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

The growing adoption of mechanised technologies in oil palm plantations presents a substantial opportunity to integrate electric-powered equipment or machinery that can deliver stable and durable energy solutions, enhance productivity and reduce environmental impact. A major challenge in this approach is the limited grid access in remote plantations, which requires continuous recharging during fieldwork. Current practice relies heavily on conventional diesel generators, resulting in high operational costs, complex fuel logistics, and severe environmental pollution. This study examines the techno-economic and environmental feasibility of hybrid energy systems for charging harvesting tools using Hybrid Optimisation of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER Pro) software, modelling a 1.0 kWh\/day deferrable charging load. Five system configurations were analysed based on Net Present Cost (NPC), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), and annual emissions. The optimal configuration identified was the Solar Photovoltaic + Battery system, comprising a 1.15 kW PV array and one battery unit with the lowest NPC of RM 14,310 and a reasonable LCOE of RM 3.51 per kWh. This system offers superior environmental performance, resulting in zero CO2 emissions annually, and represents approximately 55 % reduction in lifetime cost compared to a conventional Genset-only baseline (NPC: RM 31,574; LCOE: RM 7.74\/kWh). This strategy offers a reliable, cost-effective, and sustainable route for supporting mechanised oil palm operations in off-grid environments.<\/p>\n

Oil palm plantation; renewable energy; solar photovoltaic; HOMER Pro<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-16\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2843-2852<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
17.<\/td>\n \n \n


Comparative Study of Fibre Bragg Grating and Strain Gauges for Fatigue Crack Detection in Mild Steel<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Shafeeza Shamsudin , Meor Iqram Meor Ahmad, Mohamad Hazwan Mohd Ghazali, Mohd Anas Mohd Sabri & Mohd Sabirin Rahmat<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) is an optical sensor capable of detecting strain, temperature, and structural deformation, including cracks. Early crack detection is essential for ensuring structural safety and integrity. However, conventional strain gauges are not highly sensitive and are prone to electromagnetic interference. This study compares the performance of FBG and strain gauges in monitoring cracks on mild steel. FBG data were converted into strain values and analysed alongside readings from strain gauges. Both sensors were mounted on the specimen, and data were collected in real time. The results show that FBG is more sensitive to small changes and is suitable for real-time monitoring. During the early crack phase, FBG responded more quickly to changes than the strain gauge. In the crack propagation phase, both sensors produced graph patterns that were almost identical. In conclusion, FBG is more suitable for structural monitoring that requires high accuracy, while strain gauges remain useful within specific measurement ranges. This study helps engineers choose the appropriate technology to ensure structural safety throughout its lifespan.<\/p>\n

Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG); strain gauge; mild steel; crack monitoring<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-17\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2853-2860<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
18.<\/td>\n \n \n


An Efficient Hybrid Algorithm for Design and Analysis of MPPT System for PV based Cascaded Half Bridge Multilevel Inverter<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Abdul Jabbar Memon , Mukhtiar Ahmed Mahar , Abdul Sattar Larik & Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

While the photovoltaic (PV) system demand rises day after day in the context of renewable energy, the system efficiency plays a driving role as it depends on the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques, which continuously adjust the tracking point of the PV array to extract the maximum energy. In this research work, we suggest an efficient hybrid algorithmic strategy for design of a reduced count multilevel inverter (MLI) for MPPT applications in solar PV systems. The proposed hybrid MPPT algorithm integrates the advantages of conventional and advanced control techniques to achieve faster response, higher tracking accuracy and reduced steady state oscillations. The proposed design of the MPPT algorithm integrates the well-known perturb and observe (P&O) technique for fast tracking during quickly changing irradiance with a particle swarm optimization (PSO) to refine the tracking point near the global maximum power point, and effectively reduce the steady state oscillations and raise the efficiency of the PV system during the low irradiance time as well. The designed hybrid algorithm is applied to the proposed reduced count MLI topology. The MATLAB Simulink results validate that the hybrid P&O-PSO MPPT algorithm output has sufficiently a faster tracking efficiency with reduced oscillations as compared to the conventional techniques, making it highly applicable for the PV systems.<\/p>\n

Photovoltaic; hybrid algorithm; multilevel inverter; maximum power point tracking; metaheuristics<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-18\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2861-2872<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
19.<\/td>\n \n \n


Numerical Investigation of Inlet Positioning Effects on the Performance Efficiency of Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal Systems with Reversed Circular Flow Jet Impingement Cooling<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Mohammed Abdulrahman Abdulqadir Jummah, Adnan Ibrahim , Masita Mohammad, Najm Addin Al-khawlani & Muhammad Amir Aziat Ishak<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

The research investigates a dual-function photovoltaic thermal (PVT) cooling approach that employs an innovative reversed circular flow jet impingement system. PVT systems often exhibit uniform temperature distribution, thereby reducing the electrical and thermal performance. Conventional cooling designs cannot ensure homogeneous heat removal. While previous studies have explored the design of jet impingement geometries, the influence of inlet positioning remains largely unexplored. This research fills a gap by examining the effects of symmetric and asymmetric inlet positioning on jet impingement on PVT performance. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted in COMSOL Multiphysics at three irradiance levels (800, 900, and 1000 W\/m\u00b2) while varying the Reynolds number from 1463.81 to 4415.51. The system was evaluated based on performance, examining thermal and electrical efficiencies, overall efficiency, and outlet air temperature. Enhanced performance metrics resulted from increased Reynolds number, which improved convective heat transfer and decreased PV surface temperatures. The asymmetric inlet configuration proved superior to symmetric setups across all test conditions, delivering up to 0.4% electrical efficiency gains and 2.5% thermal efficiency improvements, resulting in overall efficiency gains of up to 3% and reaching a peak overall efficiency of 92.48% under 1000 W\/m\u00b2 conditions. The outlet temperature trends showed that the asymmetric design extracted heat more effectively, confirming its advanced thermal transfer properties. The research demonstrates that asymmetric inlet placement is an effective passive strategy for enhancing the performance of hybrid PVT systems under high levels of sunlight.<\/p>\n

Reversed Circular Flow Jet Impingement (RCFJI); photovoltaic energy; thermal energy; hybrid PVT; PVT collector; dual inlet<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-19\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2873\u20132887<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
20.<\/td>\n \n \n


Kestabilan Gentian Optik Mod Tunggal di Bawah Getaran Seismik Simulasi untuk Rangkaian Penderiaan Bersepadu<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Stability of Single-Mode Optical Fiber Under Simulated Seismic Vibration for Integrated Sensing Networks<\/em><\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Long Muhammad Haziq Long Hassan, Ji Loun Tan, Nurfarhana Mohd Sapiee, Norazreen Abd Aziz, Mohd Hadri Hafiz Mokhtar & Norhana Arsad<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Peningkatan aktiviti seismik yang ketara di Malaysia, khususnya di Sabah, telah mengukuhkan keperluan terhadap strategi pemantauan dan mitigasi gempa bumi yang lebih canggih. Kajian ini meneliti ketahanan gentian optik mod tunggal di bawah keadaan getaran terkawal yang menyerupai rangsangan mekanikal seakan-seismik, serta menilai kesesuaiannya sebagai medium komunikasi yang teguh dan sebagai infrastruktur asas kepada sistem pemantauan seismik berasaskan gentian optik. Kesan amplitud getaran yang berbeza ke atas parameter penghantaran optik utama seperti Kuasa Puncak Maksimum, Panjang Gelombang Puncak, Panjang Gelombang Purata dan Kuasa Keseluruhan telah dikaji melalui eksperimen makmal menggunakan gegar MicroMix 5, Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA) dan AQ2201 Frame Controller yang menguasai gentian optik mod tunggal sepanjang 400 m pada panjang gelombang 1550.5 nm. Keputusan menunjukkan variasi yang sangat kecil bagi Kuasa Puncak Maksimum dan Panjang Gelombang Puncak, masing-masing dengan perbezaan peratusan sekitar 1.49% dan 0.0003%, sekali gus menggambarkan tahap kestabilan yang tinggi merentasi semua tahap getaran. Kuasa Keseluruhan menunjukkan variasi yang sedikit lebih besar, iaitu sekitar 2.85%, namun masih dalam julat sederhana. Analisis varians sehala (ANOVA) mengesahkan perbezaan yang signifikan secara statistik antara tahap getaran bagi semua parameter; walau bagaimanapun, magnitud mutlak perbezaan tersebut kekal kecil, sekali gus menegaskan keteguhan gentian optik mod tunggal di bawah keadaan mekanikal yang diuji. Secara keseluruhannya, dapatan ini membuktikan bahawa gentian optik mod tunggal mampu mengekalkan integriti struktur dan kestabilan penghantaran isyarat dalam persekitaran yang terdedah kepada getaran, sekali gus mengukuhkan peranannya sebagai medium komunikasi optik yang boleh dipercayai serta menyokong potensinya sebagai tulang belakang kepada sistem pemantauan seismik berasaskan gentian optik.<\/p>\n

Gempa bumi; getaran; gentian optik mod tunggal; analisis data; pemantauan seismik<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-20\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2889-2896<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
21.<\/td>\n \n \n


Influence of Design Compressive Strength, Curing Methods, and Casting Conditions on the Plastic Shrinkage of Concrete<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Tamim A. Samman<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Plastic shrinkage cracking remains a major durability concern in concrete structures constructed under hot, arid climatic conditions, where high temperatures, low relative humidity, and wind accelerate early-age moisture loss. This study experimentally investigates the effects of concrete compressive strength, curing method, and casting time on cumulative water loss (CWL) and plastic shrinkage cracking. Concrete panels (600 \u00d7 900 \u00d7 30 mm) were prepared using four strength grades (23, 40, 60, and 84 MPa) and exposed to simulated field conditions representative of summer climates. Four curing techniques were examined, namely air-dry (AR), water spray (WS), wet burlap (BLC), and a resin-based (RB) curing compound. The results demonstrate a strong dependency of plastic shrinkage behavior on concrete strength and curing regime. Normal-strength concrete (23 MPa) exhibited no visible plastic shrinkage cracking under all exposure conditions, despite reaching evaporation rates up to 2.22 kg\/m\u00b2\u00b7h. In contrast, high-strength concrete showed significantly higher cracking susceptibility due to reduced bleeding capacity. The 84 MPa concrete panels developed a maximum cracking area of 1118 mm\u00b2 when air-dried and exposed to noon sunlight. Cumulative water loss in air-dried specimens reached up to 55%, whereas RB-cured specimens exhibited substantially lower CWL values, limited to approximately 7\u201313% across all strength levels. Application of the resin-based curing compound eliminated visible plastic shrinkage cracking, while wet burlap and water spray curing significantly reduced crack formation compared to air-dry conditions. The findings emphasize the critical role of early-age curing strategies and casting time in controlling moisture loss and mitigating plastic shrinkage cracking, thereby enhancing the durability and service performance of concrete structures in hotclimate environments.<\/p>\n

Plastic shrinkage crack; concrete curing; normal-strength concrete; high-strength concrete; and water loss<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-21\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2897-2912<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
22.<\/td>\n \n \n


Worker Behaviour and Personal Protective Equipment Effectiveness: A Bibliometric Analysis<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Saina Omar, Irman Abdul Rahman & Syazwani Mohd Fadzil<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

ersonal protective equipment (PPE) is a fundamental component of occupational health and safety; however, its effectiveness is strongly influenced by worker behaviour, organisational context, and human factors. Despite the long-standing use of PPE, research in this field remains fragmented and rapidly expanding, making it difficult to develop a comprehensive understanding of how worker behaviour influences PPE effectiveness over time. This bibliometric review addresses this gap by systematically analysing scientific publications from 1970 to 2026 to identify publication trends, influential studies, leading contributing countries, dominant research themes, and patterns of international collaboration. Data were retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science, resulting in a final dataset of 1,236 peer-reviewed journal articles. Scopus Analyzer, OpenRefine, and VOSviewer were employed for descriptive, bibliometric, and network analyses. The findings reveal a prolonged formative phase followed by substantial publication growth after 2019, largely driven by increasing global attention to occupational safety and the COVID-19 pandemic. Research output remains concentrated in several high-income countries, while contributions from developing regions remain limited. Keyword analysis demonstrates a shift from technical PPE performance to behavioural dimensions, including compliance, risk perception, safety culture, usability, and organisational influence. International collaboration networks reveal major research hubs and global disparities in research integration. Overall, this study highlights the increasing importance of behavioural and socio-technical perspectives in PPE research and provides a foundation for future interdisciplinary studies, evidence-based safety policies, workplace intervention strategies, and sustainable occupational health practices aimed at improving long-term worker safety outcomes.<\/p>\n

Personal protective equipment; worker behaviour; occupational, safety; health<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-22\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2913-2929<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
23.<\/td>\n \n \n


Decolonizing Engineering Education: A Systems Approach to Global Accreditation and Indigenous Knowledge Integration<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Marie Kathlyn De Guzman & Chien Hwa Chong<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Engineering education is increasingly shaped by global accreditation frameworks that influence curricular design, assessment standards, and graduate competencies. While agreements like the Washington Accord promote the mutual recognition of engineering qualifications, they often embed Western-centric norms that risk marginalizing Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) and context-specific approaches. This review critically examines how international accreditation structures interact with efforts to decolonize engineering education, focusing on the integration of IKS and cultural competence within globally benchmarked curricula. Using a systems approach and a PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) framework, the study synthesizes peer-reviewed\nliterature drawn from major databases, prioritizing works on accreditation reform, Indigenous engagement, and culturally responsive pedagogy. Findings reveal that although frameworks such as ABET and EUR-ACE advance outcome-based education, they frequently lack mechanisms to accommodate local knowledge systems. Regional initiatives from Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, and Southeast Asia demonstrate promising models that embed IKS into curriculum and assessment; however, widespread adoption is hindered by limited legal mandates, inconsistent faculty development, and insufficient feedback loops between communities and institutions. The review argues that meaningful decolonization requires systemic transformation across global, national, and institutional levels. Key strategies include revising accreditation criteria to recognize IKS as a legitimate form of knowledge, mapping core engineering courses to cultural competencies, and investing in faculty development that supports decolonial pedagogies. By highlighting leverage points for reform, this study contributes to the growing discourse on making engineering education more inclusive, context-sensitive, and socially responsive.<\/p>\n

Global accreditation frameworks; decolonization; indigenous knowledge systems; curriculum reform; systems approach<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-23\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2931-2955<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
24.<\/td>\n \n \n


Development of Smart Surface Texturing Techniques Using Ai-Driven Laser Machining for Enhanced Tribological Performance<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Shaymaa Abdul Khader Al-Jumaili , Jaber Ali Zghair , Ameer Abid Muslim , Ameer Hashim Hussein & Haider Fawzi Mahmood<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

An approach to increase the tribological performance of engineering materials via the development of smart surface texturing techniques using artificial intelligence (AI)-driven laser machining is presented in this study. However, existing surface texturing approaches largely rely on trial-and-error methods and lack adaptive optimization and predictive design capabilities. This study integrates AI-based texture design with precision laser surface texturing (LST) to develop optimized surface patterns on AISI 316 L stainless steel and Ti 6Al 4V alloy substrates. This deep learning model was used to train the generation of ten unique texture geometries, each of which was subsequently fabricated using a nanosecond pulsed fiber laser system. Tribological testing using a ballon-disk tribometer under dry sliding conditions revealed significant improvements, including up to 35% reduction in the coefficient of friction and up to 48% reduction in wear volume compared to untextured surfaces. Data analysis confirmed that key texture parameters, such as dimple spacing, cut depth, and aspect ratio, were major factors that improved the surface performance. The results also demonstrated improvements in post-test surface roughness and lower contact temperature (better wear resistance and thermal management). Overall, the integration of AI in laser texturing is a scalable, adaptive, and highly effective advanced surface engineering technique with a strong impact on aerospace, biomedical, and automotive applications.<\/p>\n

AI-assisted laser surface texturing; tribological behaviour of metallic surfaces; deep learning optimization; friction and wear mechanisms; smart manufacturing systems<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-24\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2957-2965<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
25.<\/td>\n \n \n


Sustainable Food Packaging: Butterfly Pea Anthocyanin-Loaded Beads for Monitoring Shrimp Freshness<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Nurdiyana Husin , Mohd Zulkhairi Abdul Rahim , Anis Faizah Mohd Hainizam , Nik Mohamad Faiz Dakhlan , Muhammad Danish Razin Sulaiman , Bambang Kuswandi , Azlin Shafrina Hasim & Norhidayah Suleiman<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

The growing demand for sustainable and intelligent food packaging has led to increased interest in the development of materials that are both environmentally friendly and capable of monitoring food freshness. This study explores the development and reuse of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) anthocyanin-loaded calcium alginate beads as a sustainable visual indicator for shrimp freshness monitoring. The objective of this study is to focus on preparing and evaluating anthocyanin-loaded beads for intelligent packaging, aiming to explore their performance in both freshly prepared and recycled forms. The beads, prepared via ionic gelation using calcium chloride, encapsulated natural anthocyanins extracted through ultrasonic-assisted methods. When exposed to spoilage conditions, the beads exhibited colour changes from blue to green in response to pH shifts associated with volatile amine release. Spectral Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed minor structural changes in the anthocyanin-loaded beads over three reuse cycles, with the beads remaining reusable for up to two cycles (Cycles 1 and 2), during which the RGB values decreased by only 4\u20135% compared with the initial beads (R: 156.00\u2013148.67, G: 176.67\u2013165.67, B: 204.67\u2013 191.67). However, by Cycle 3, the RGB values declined markedly by approximately 23\u201326% (R: 119.67, G: 134.00, B: 162.00), which may compromise the effectiveness of spoilage indication. These findings highlight the potential of biopolymer-based beads as recyclable and effective components of smart food packaging while demonstrating the need to improve anthocyanin encapsulation to enhance colour stability and spoilage detection over multiple reuse cycles.<\/p>\n

Anthocyanin-loaded beads; butterfly pea; food freshness monitoring; pH responsive colourants; intelligent packaging system<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-25\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2967-2973<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
26.<\/td>\n \n \n


Tipo-Morfologi Ruangan Awam Terbuka Di Hadapan Sungai Kajian Kes: Muara Sungai Melaka, Malaysia<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Typo-Morphology of Open Public Space In Front of River, Case Study: Melaka Estuary, Malaysia<\/em><\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Afini Qayyum Mohamad , Mohd Iskandar Abdul Malek, NorHaslina Ja\u2019afar , Noor Aisyah Mokhtar , Noorsaidi Mahat & Nur Amirah Abd Samad<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Pembangunan ruang awam pinggiran air kontemporari sering kali mengabaikan naratif sejarah dan \u201cjiwa tempat\u201d (genius loci), yang membawa kepada kehilangan identiti setempat. Kajian ini menganalisis tipomorfologi ruang awam terbuka di Muara Sungai Melaka untuk memahami evolusi ruang dan fungsinya dalam mencerminkan warisan sosio-budaya. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif yang menggabungkan analisis morfologi bandar, pemerhatian lapangan, dan temubual mendalam, kajian ini menelusuri transformasi struktur ruang bermula dari zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka, era kolonial, sehingga pasca-merdeka Dapatan utama menunjukkan bahawa meskipun berlaku perubahan guna tanah dan pola jaringan yang ketara, Muara Sungai Melaka mengekalkan \u201clapisan sejarah\u201d (urban palimpsest) yang unik di mana aktiviti perdagangan tradisional kini berasimilasi dengan sektor pelancongan dan acara budaya. Penilaian kualiti ruang mendedahkan bahawa tahap kebolehbacaan (legibility) dan identiti adalah pemacu utama\nkejayaan kawasan ini, namun aspek fleksibiliti ruang masih memerlukan penambahbaikan bagi menyokong interaksi sosial yang lebih organik.Kebaruan kajian ini terletak pada integrasi elemen tipomorfologi dengan teori ruang berjaya dalam konteks bandar warisan dunia UNESCO. Hasil kajian memberikan panduan bagi perancang bandar untuk mengimbangi pemuliharaan fizikal dengan keperluan fungsi moden, sekaligus memastikan pembangunan ruang awam masa hadapan tidak sekadar estetik, malah berakar tunjang pada identiti dan memori kolektif masyarakat setempat.<\/p>\n

Ruangan awam; hadapan sungai; sejarah Melaka<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-26\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2975-2995<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
27.<\/td>\n \n \n


Influence of Fibre Architecture on Mechanical Performance and Failure Mechanisms of CF\/LMPAEK Thermoplastic Composites under Flexural and Impact Loading<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Hasanudin Hamdan , Nadlene Razali , Hafiz Hakimie Sapee , Noryani Muhammad , Nazhatul Syahirah Aziz , Anita Akmar Kamarolzaman , Noor Zuhaira Abd Aziza , Emy Aqillah Sharif , Nadia Razali , Khairul Dahri Mohd Aris , Mohd Azaman Md Deros , Syazwan Ahmad Rashidi , Sarah Othman , Komkrisd Wongtimnoi<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Carbon fibre reinforced low-melt polyaryletherketone (CF\/LMPAEK) composites have gained considerable attention for aerospace applications due to their high specific strength, weldability, recyclability, and damage tolerance. However, the relationship between fibre architecture, mechanical performance, and failure mechanisms remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates the effect of three laminate configurations, namely unidirectional (UD) [0\/90]8s, woven [(0,90)]4s, and hybrid woven [(0,90)\/(\u00b145)]2s, on the flexural and impact behaviour of CF\/LMPAEK composites. Flexural properties were evaluated using three-point bending according to EN 2562, while impact resistance was assessed using the unnotched Izod test following ASTM D256. Failure mechanisms were examined through optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The woven [(0,90)]4s laminate demonstrated the highest flexural strength (903.55 MPa) and maximum load capacity (509.00 N), attributed to effective stress redistribution and enhanced fibre interlocking within the woven architecture. Meanwhile, the UD [0\/90]8s laminate exhibited the highest flexural modulus (66.39 GPa) and impact strength (179.63 kJ\/m\u00b2), resulting from efficient load transfer along the aligned fibre direction. The hybrid [(0,90)\/(\u00b145)]2s laminate achieved the highest flexural strain (0.0201), indicating improved deformation capability, with intermediate flexural strength (779.56 MPa) and impact strength (158.94 kJ\/m\u00b2). Microscopic observations revealed delamination-dominated failure in the UD laminate, whereas woven and hybrid laminates exhibited fibre pull-out, matrix cracking, and localised compressive damage. SEM analysis further confirmed fibre fracture and fibre pull-out as the dominant impact-induced damage mechanisms.<\/p>\n

CF\/LMPAEK thermoplastic composites; fibre architecture; flexural properties; impact behaviour; failure mechanisms<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-27\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 2995-3008<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
28.<\/td>\n \n \n


The Effect of Fibre Loading on the Thermal, Physical, and Mechanical Properties of Waste Tire Rubber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composites<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Hussein Md Zan , Nadlene Razali , Nuzaimah Mustafa , Hasanudin Hamdan , Sinatu Sadiah Shapie , Anita Akmar Kamarolzaman , Noor Zuhaira Abd Aziz , Nadia Razali ,Syazwan Ahmad Rashidi , Sarah Othman & Bushra Rashid<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

This study investigates the effects of incorporating waste tyre rubber (WTR) fibres on the mechanical, morphological, thermal, and physical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites. WTR fibres, sourced from end-of-life tyres, were introduced into the PLA matrix at weight fractions of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% using a single-screw extrusion method to produce composite filaments. Mechanical testing, conducted in accordance with ASTM D638, showed a consistent improvement in tensile performance as WTR content increased. The 7.5% WTR composite achieved the highest tensile stress and Young\u2019s modulus, measured at 26.43 MPa and 1822.41 MPa, respectively. Morphological analysis via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that higher fibre loading enhanced fibrematrix adhesion, reduced voids, and increased fibre breakage, all of which are indicative of effective stress transfer under load. In contrast, the 2.5% composite exhibited noticeable voids and signs of poor interfacial bonding. Thermal and physical evaluations using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and surface texture analysis indicated that the inclusion of rubber fibres improved thermal stability and water resistance, likely due to the fibres\u2019 inherent heat resistance. Slight increases in surface roughness were also observed, which may influence the composite\u2019s surface characteristics and adhesion properties. Notably, these enhancements in mechanical and thermal performance were achieved without compromising the ductility of the PLA matrix. Overall, the 7.5% WTR composite demonstrated the most balanced and enhanced properties, highlighting its potential as a sustainable and cost-effective material for structural applications, while also contributing to environmentally responsible waste tyre management.<\/p>\n

Waste tyre rubber (WTR); polylactic acid (PLA) composites; Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM);\ntensile strength; morphological analysis; profilometer analysis<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-28\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 3009-3022<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
29.<\/td>\n \n \n


Kajian Perbandingan Antara Fakad Tunggal dan Fakad Dua Lapis (FDL) Untuk Pencahayaan Siang di Bangunan Tinggi Pejabat<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Comparison Study Between Single Facade and Double Skin Facade (DSF) for Daylighting in High Rise Office Building<\/em><\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Mohd Hafiz Mohammad Zin , Maslina Jamil & Nik Lukman Nik Ibrahim<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Penggunaan tenaga yang efisien dapat diperolehi melalui strategi pencahayaan siang yang berkualiti dalam sesebuah reka bentuk bangunan. Ini dapat ditingkatkan lagi melalui reka bentuk fakad bangunan yang efektif terutamanya Fakad Dua Lapis (FDL) yang berpotensi dalam menyediakan pencahayaan siang yang berkualiti bagi reka bentuk bangunan tinggi pejabat di Malaysia. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat kekurangan maklumat untuk mengetahui keberkesanan orientasi bangunan, waktu dan keadaaan langit yang dihasilkan melalui FDL dengan jarak kaviti 100mm berbanding dengan fakad tunggal. Tujuan utama kajian ini dilakukan adalah untuk mengetahui keberkesanan orientasi bangunan, waktu dan keadaaan langit yang dihasilkan melalui FDL dengan jarak kaviti 100mm berbanding dengan fakad tunggal. Metodologi yang diaplikasikan dalam kajian ini adalah dengan kajian perpustakaan dan simulasi komputer yang menggunakan perisian Integrated Environmental Solution (IES). Aplikasi FDL memberi impak positif dan negatif terhadapa kawasan ruang pejabat yang menerima pencahayaan siang. Bagi keadaan langit pula, overcast sky menyediakan prestasi pencahayaan siang yang lebih baik daripada intermediate sky. FDL berjaya menyediakan pencahayaan siang yang berkualiti untuk orientasi barat bangunan dan berfungsi untuk mengurangkan juga kesan silau. Secara keseluruhan, FDL membantu dalam meningkatkan prestasi pencahayaan siang disamping mengurangkan prestasi pencahayaan siang di beberapa ruang pejabat yang bergantung kepada orientasi,waktu dan keadaan langit dalam konteks di\nMalaysia.<\/p>\n

Keberkesanan; Fakad Dua Lapis (FDL); cahaya siang berkualiti; bangunan tinggi; pejabat<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-29\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 3023-3034<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
30.<\/td>\n \n \n


A New Approach for Intelligent Internal Model Controller Design Using the Genetic Algorithm<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Oumaima Bergaoui, Imen Saidi & Nahla Touati<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

This paper presents an advanced enhancement of the Internal Model Control (IMC) strategy by integrating a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize the performance of robust control techniques applied to time-delay systems. Precise temperature regulation in electric furnaces is a critical requirement in various industrial sectors, including metallurgy, microelectronics, and chemical processing, where even minor deviations can significantly affect product quality, safety, and energy efficiency. However, conventional controllers, particularly classical PID regulators, often exhibit limited adaptability to parameter uncertainties, nonlinearities, and external disturbances, leading to degraded performance and potential instability. To overcome these limitations, an intelligent IMC-based controller is proposed, in which the inversion gain of the temperature regulation loop is optimally tuned (offline) using a Genetic Algorithm. The proposed approach ensures optimal tuning by employing multiple performance indices, including the Integral of Squared Error (ISE), Integral of Absolute Error (IAE), Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE), and Integral of Time-weighted Squared Error (ITSE), while also explicitly minimizing overshoot and improving transient response characteristics. Simulation results demonstrate that the optimized controller significantly enhances system stability, achieves zero overshoot, and improves robustness against external disturbances and abrupt setpoint variations. Moreover, the proposed method ensures accurate temperature tracking, faster settling time, and reduced energy consumption. These findings highlight the effectiveness of combining IMC with evolutionary optimization techniques and confirm its strong potential for improving control performance in industrial processes sensitive to time delays and thermal dynamics.<\/p>\n

Internal model control; genetic algorithm; stability; temperature control; electric furnace<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-30\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 3035-3045<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
31.<\/td>\n \n \n


Advancements and Challenges in Fuel Cell Technology for Portable, Transportation, and Stationary Applications<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Nur Syafa Qahiera Abd Halim , Nur Syafiqah Alisa Mohd Nizam , Ili-Mastura Mashudi , Montri Luengchavanon , Umira Asyikin Yusop , Wan Nor Anasuhah Wan Yusoff , Lim Bee Huah & Nurul Akidah Baharuddin<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Fuel cell technology has emerged as a promising clean energy conversion technology for support the transition towards low-carbon and sustainable energy systems. Unlike conventional combustion-based technologies, fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy of fuels into electricity through electrochemical reactions, offering high energy efficiency, low emissions, and fuel flexibility. This review examines recent advances in fuel cell technologies and evaluates their suitability for portable, transportation, and stationary applications. For portable applications, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) are highlighted because of their low operating temperatures, compact design, and high energy density, making them suitable for portable electronic devices and military equipment. In the transportation sector, PEMFCs have demonstrated significant potential for fuel cell electric vehicles, trains, and unmanned aerial vehicles owing to their rapid start-up capability and high-power density. For stationary applications, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs), and PEMFC-based Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems provide high electrical efficiency and effective waste heat recovery for residential, commercial, and industrial power generation. Despite these advantages, commercialization remains constrained by high capital costs, durability limitations, hydrogen infrastructure, and regulatory challenges. Continued advances in catalyst and membrane materials, hydrogen production and storage, system integration, manufacturing processes, and supportive government policies are essential to improve the economic competitiveness and long-term reliability of fuel cell systems. Overall, fuel cell technology represents a key enabling technology for achieving a sustainable hydrogen economy and accelerating the transition towards low-carbon energy systems.<\/p>\n

Fuel cells applications; portable applications; transportation applications; stationary applications; hydrogen economy<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-31\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 3047-3060<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
32.<\/td>\n \n \n


Pembangunan Manipulator Mudah Alih Bantuan Penglihatan Dalam Operasi Penanaman Automatik<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Development Of Vision-Assisted Mobile Manipulator In Automated Sowing Operation<\/em><\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Muhamad Ashrihanif Hairuddin, Nasharuddin Zainal , Mohd Hairi Mohd Zaman & Muhammad Faiz Bukhori<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Metodologi tradisional dalam penanaman benih kelapa sawit melibatkan langkah-langkah penting seperti menyiram beg tanah, menanam benih pada kedalaman 1 sm dengan orientasi plumul dan radikel yang betul dan menambah baja. Sistem penanaman benih automatik pula menggunakan mekanisme khusus yang disesuaikan dengan jenis benih atau anak benih tetapi menghadapi cabaran kerana perbezaan bentuk dan saiz. Jurang kajian utama berdasarkan kajian-kajian terdahulu adalah ketiadaan sistem automasi yang khusus untuk penanaman biji benih kelapa sawit dan ketiadaan penggunaan teknologi pemprosesan imej dalam automasi penanaman. Permasalahan kajian merangkumi ketiadaan kajian menyeluruh mengenai kesesuaian dan keberkesanan teknikal teknologi automasi dalam penanaman biji benih kelapa sawit dan ketiadaan teknologi automasi dalam penanaman biji benih kelapa sawit di pasaran. Objektif kajian adalah untuk menilai ciri-ciri sistem penanaman biji benih kelapa sawit automatik yang melibatkan kesesuaian dan keberkesanan dan untuk mencipta prototaip sistem penanaman biji benih kelapa sawit automatik yang mengintegrasikan teknologi pemprosesan imej. Kaedah kajian merangkumi penetapan ciri-ciri dan lakaran 3D penghujung efektor dan manipulator, kaedah-kaedah pemprosesan imej, gambar rajah blok dan carta alir sistem. Manipulator 6 darjah kebebasan direka dengan kelengkapan teknikal yang berkait dengan hasil pemprosesan imej melalui 5 kaedah utama. Pemprosesan imej adalah untuk mengesan bilangan dan kedudukan biji benih dalam dulang tanaman. Penghujung efektor yang dipilih adalah jenis penyepit dengan bahan anti-pelincir di penghujung penyepit. Hasil kajian melibatkan penghasilan penghujung efektor dan manipulator melalui cetakan 3D dan penyambungan semua perkakasan yang terlibat. Manipulator mampu mencapai biji benih sejauh 43.25 sm pada kadar maksimum. Kapasitor digunakan dalam litar bagi mengatasi voltan lendut semasa operasi penanaman berjalan. Ujian berkala dijalankan terhadap sistem automasi ini yang memberikan peratus keberkesanan sebanyak 83.3%. Kajian ini menghasilkan prototaip unggul yang belum pernah dicipta serta menfokuskan kepada penanaman biji benih kelapa sawit. Sumbangan kajian dalam bidang ilmu menjurus kepada pengaplikasian pemprosesan imej dalam pergerakan manipulator. Kajian ini perlu diterokai dengan lebih dalam bagi meningkatkan keberlanjutan pertanian dan mengurangkan kebergantungan terhadap tenaga buruh manusia.<\/p>\n

Benih kelapa sawit; proses ambil-tanam; lengan robot; penghujung efektor; pemprosesan imej<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-32\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 3061-3070<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
33.<\/td>\n \n \n


Systematic Literature Review on Low Growth Temperature of Single Layer Large Area Graphene Using Chemical Vapor Deposition<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Raihana Bahru, A. Atiqah, Maria Abu Bakar, Abdul Rahman Mohmad, Muhammad Aniq Shazni Mohammad Haniff, Mohd Zulhakimi Ab Razak, Mohd Ambri Mohamed & Azman Jalar<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

This systematic literature review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art in fabricating high-quality, large-area, single-layer graphene via Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) at low growth temperatures. While graphene\u2019s exceptional electrical and mechanical properties are well-documented, the established method for its synthesis, which often requires temperatures exceeding 1,000\u00b0C, poses a significant barrier to commercial scalability and integration with temperature-sensitive materials. This study surveyed electronic databases for peerreviewed studies published between 2009 and 2023, identified and synthesized 73 key studies that meet rigorous inclusion criteria. The analysis delves into the intricate relationship between growth parameters and the resulting material quality, focusing on essential metrics such as defect density, layer uniformity, and structural integrity. A pivotal finding of this research is the successful reduction of synthesis temperatures to a range between 100\u00b0C and 300\u00b0C, achieved primarily through the implementation of Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PECVD). The method utilized plasma to dissociate carbon precursors, such as benzene, at much lower energy levels than the thermal heating method. By decoupling the carbon radical generation from the substrate temperature, researchers have successfully produced single-layer graphene without compromising scalability. Ultimately, this review highlights promising advancements and emerging trends that pave the way for the direct growth of graphene on flexible substrates and polymers, offering a strategic roadmap for future research directions and the practical application of graphene in nextgeneration electronics and hybrid nanostructures.<\/p>\n

Graphene; Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD); low growth temperature; single layer; large area; systematic review<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-33\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 3071\u20133092<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
34.<\/td>\n \n \n


Electrical Safety in Academic Laboratories: A Risk Assessment of Ageing Portable Appliances<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Justin Leong Wei Hann , Sharin Ab Ghani, Mohd Shahril Ahmad Khiar , Imran Suran Chairul , Nor Hidayah Rahim , Arfah Syahida Mohd Nor , Muhammad Syahrani Johal & Muhamad Falihan Bahari<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Electrical safety risk assessment in academic laboratories is critical due to the high-frequency use of ageingequipment by students and staff. This paper presents a safety evaluation of 341 units using Portable Appliance Testing (PAT), specifically focusing on earth bond testing as the primary safety metric to detect protective conductor degradation. Appliances such as desktop computers, oscilloscopes, digital analogue training systems, and automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) were analyzed to determine the correlation between service years and earthing integrity. Statistical analysis via one-way ANOVA and the Chi-square test of independence revealed divergent safety trends across equipment categories. While IT equipment remained largely independent of age (p = 0.483, X 2 = 3.942), laboratory-specific instrumentation demonstrated significant safety risks over time. Notably, Digital Analogue Training Systems and AVRs showed a significant dependency on service years (p < 0.001), with Chi-square results of X 2 = 26.742 and X2 = 11.119, respectively. Units in service for over 10 years frequently exceeded the 0.1 \u2126 safety threshold defined by IEC 60335-1, indicating a deteriorated earthing path. These findings highlight a critical need for enhanced laboratory safety management and the implementation of a mandatory annual PAT schedule for equipment older than 10 years. Such proactive maintenance is essential to mitigate electric shock hazards and ensure a secure, compliant learning environment in higher education institutions.<\/p>\n

Portable Appliance Testing (PAT); Electrical Safety Academic Laboratories; Appliance Ageing Risk Assessment; Earth Bond Resistance Testing; Laboratory Equipment Maintenance Malaysia<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-34\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 3093-3099<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
35.<\/td>\n \n \n


An IoT-Based Real-Time Quality Monitoring System for Cooking Dairy Products Via Ammonia Emission Detection<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Neshan Leela Kannan , Nur Hazahsha Shamsudin , Siti Amaniah Mohd Chachulib , Nur Asmiza Selamat , Nursabillilah Mohd Ali & Syahirah Abd Halim<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

As the awareness on food safety and quality continuously growth, the significance of effective monitoring system becomes more evident, specifically in dairy industry, where spoilage becomes common within short period of consumption. Fresh milk storage at an elevated temperature with unhygienic practices of product preparation may results to inferior-quality of dairy production. An inferior dairy product emits gases such as ammonia(NH3 ), carbon dioxide(CO2) and methane(CH4), which instigated of foodborne illnesses when consumes by consumers. This escalates public health risks and economic instability in the food industry. Hence, this study proposes and experimentally investigates an Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled real-time monitoring system for spoilage detection in dairy products via ammonia nitrogen trihydride (NH3) emissions patterns analysis. The system integrates gas sensors of MQ 135 and MQ 137, a temperature sensor and a NodeMCU esp8266 microcontroller with loud based monitoring via Adafruit IO and Telegram Bot alerts. The system is then, validated by conducting nine (9) dairy products in which includes of animal and plant-based in liquid and solid forms over 24 hours under controlled enclosed conditions. Results show that MQ 137 provides higher NH3 selectivity and sensitivity compared to MQ 135 due to its narrower cross-sensitivity spectrum with a specific response only towards NH3 within 5-500 ppm. The system indicates an early spoilage detection (32-35 ppm), remote monitoring and an alert automation that contributes an economical, a scalable alternative of experimental testing to support food safety monitoring with digital transfromation in the dairy industry.<\/p>\n

Food industry; Internet of Things (IoT); Ammonia (NH3); real-time monitoring system; dairy products<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-35\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 3101-3112<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
36.<\/td>\n \n \n


Zero-Dimensional Single-Zone Combustion Modeling of an SI Engine Fueled with Alcohol-Gasoline Blends<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Firdaus Ayub , Syahar Shawal , Hanif Mat Muhammad , Juri Saedon , Nor Hafiez Mohamad Nor , Mohd Rosdzimin Abdul Rahman & Sebastian Kaiser<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

This study analysed and compared the combustion characteristics of baseline gasoline (M0) and methanolgasoline blended with a 10% concentration (M10) in an SI engine using a zero-dimensional, single-zone combustion model. The experiments were conducted in a production 4-cylinder, 4-stroke spark-ignition engine with premixed stoichiometric combustion. In the current work, the engine operated at 2000 rpm and 75Nm of torque. The crank-angle-resolved pressure in the intake, exhaust, and in-cylinder was measured during all experiments. An in-house algorithm was developed in MATLAB to derive the rate of heat release (RoHR) and evaluate mass fraction burned (MFB) curves from the measured in-cylinder pressure data of the two fuels. The effect of various heat transfer\ncorrelations such as Annand, Hohenberg, and Woschni on the heat release rate was also studied to identify the most suitable model for the specific SI engine. The results indicated that the methanol-blended fuel (M10) provided a higher RoHR compared to conventional gasoline fuel (M0). The MFB profile curves revealed the combustion progress of the fuels as a function of crank angle. The Hohenberg heat transfer model was better suited for heat transfer to the wall of the engine compared to the other models, as it accorded the best fit in the compression phase. The addition of\nmethanol to gasoline results in an increase in the combustion rate at CA10 (10% MFB) due to its higher flame speed propagation and octane rating.<\/p>\n

Zero-dimensional model; combustion; heat release rate; SI engine; alternative fuel<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-36\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 3113-3128<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
37.<\/td>\n \n \n


Study of PLA\/PA12\/WA Filament Composite for 3D Printing Process<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Nur Munirah Mustaza , Farrahshaida Mohd Salleh , Nor Arif Aiman Che Mohamad Nor , Muhammad Hafiz Musyrif Adnan , Izdihar Tharazi , Nurul Hayati Abdul Halim , Ukwueze Bonaventure Emeka & Ahmad Hilmi Muhammad<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

This study investigates the physical and mechanical properties of polymer-ceramic composite filaments composed of Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polyamide 12 (PA12), and Wollastonite (WA) for 3D printing applications, particularly in the medical field. The selected materials\u2014PLA for its use in medical implants, PA12 for its biodegradability and biocompatibility, and WA as a bioceramic suitable for tissue regeneration\u2014were blended to create four compositions, specifically 90PLA\/10WA, with PA12 filler content varying from 20 to 40 wt.% in the PLA\/WA composite. Rheological analysis was conducted at temperatures of 180\u00b0C, 190\u00b0C, and 200\u00b0C, under loads of 20N, 30N, 40N, and 50N, using a 1 mm die to extrude the feedstock. The objective was to determine the flow behavior index (n) and achieve pseudoplastic behavior (n < 1). The extruded composites were then subjected to tensile testing to assess their mechanical properties. The results showed that all composite feedstocks exhibited pseudoplastic behavior. Notably, the composite with 40 wt.% PA12 filler demonstrated superior mechanical properties, achieving an ultimate tensile strength of 28.6 MPa, an ultimate strain of 21.9%, and a Young\u2019s modulus of 1220 MPa. These findings suggest that the PLA\/PA12\/WA composite is a promising material for medical applications, offering both biocompatibility and enhanced mechanical performance.<\/p>\n

Polylactic Acid (PLA); Polyamide 12 (PA12); Wollastonite (WA); rheo-logical analysis; flow behaviour index<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-37\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 3129-3137<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
38.<\/td>\n \n \n


Optimization of 3D Printing Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Printed PETG Materials<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Nurul Hayati Abdul Halim , Izdihar Tharazi , Farrahshaida Mohd Salleh , Abdul Hakim Abdullah , Mohamad Firhan Morni , Afeeqa Puteri Marzuki , Nur Diyana Mohamad Nasri , Muhammad Ilham Khalit\n& Thoufeili Taufek<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) is gaining popularity as a 3D printing material, replacing traditional polymers like PLA and ABS in various industries such as medical and automotive. Despite the growing popularity of PETG as a 3D printing material, the relationship between its mechanical properties and the specific printing parameters used has not been comprehensively studied. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the influence of 3D printing parameters, namely layer thickness, raster angle, and infill density, on the flexural and impact strength of 3D printed Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed for experimental design through the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) method. The 3D modelling was created according to ASTM standards then sliced using Ultimaker Cura software. Subsequently, the models were printed and underwent mechanical testing to evaluate its flexural strength using a Universal\nTesting Machine (UTM) and impact strength using an Izod impact apparatus. The results through ANOVA analysis demonstrated that high layer thickness and infill density significantly enhance impact strength. Conversely, reducing layer thickness at high infill density improves flexural strength. Raster angles have less significant influence on both flexural and impact strength. The optimal printing settings for PETG obtained were layer thickness of 0.234 mm, an infill density of 80%, and a raster angle of 90 degrees. These parameter settings result in a 31.9 MPa in flexural strength and 34.7 MPa in impact strength. Confirmation runs validated the model with a low error rate of 10%. Therefore, this research contributes to the advancement of additive manufacturing by providing guidelines for optimizing PETG-based 3D printed objects, enhancing their reliability and durability for various industrial applications.<\/p>\n

3D printing; polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG); mechanical properties; response surface methodology; optimization<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-38\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 3139-3148<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
39.<\/td>\n \n \n


The Thermo-physical and Tribology Characteristics of Green Hybrid TiO2 : SiO2 Nanolubricants<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Khairul Nurliyana Khairul Salleha, Irnie Azlin Zakaria , Nurlisa Hamzan , Nurul Hayati Abdul Halim , Nurul Huda Azid , Siti Mariam Ab Rahman , Ahsana Aqilah Ahmad & Anwar Ilmar Ramadhan<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) is one of the emerging sustainable techniques in the machining process nowadays. MQL reduces heat at the cutting zone through a small quantity of lubrication supplied in the form of mist. However, conventional MQL has limitations in hard-to-cut materials such as Inconel. Hence, nanolubricant minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL) is explored in due to enhancement in the thermal conductivity and viscosity properties. This paper reviews the thermos-physical and tribology properties of the hybrid nanolubricants in green palm oil with volume concentrations of 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.07%, and 0.1% of TiO2 :SiO2 (60:40). There was stability assessments made which were visual sedimentation inspection, absorbance value from Uv-Vis spectrophotometry and the Zeta test. Meanwhile, the thermos-physical properties of thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity were also evaluated. Finally, the performance in tribology properties was gauged using Koehler four-ball tribology tester to analyse coefficient of friction (COF), and wear scar diameter (WSD). The lowest COF and WSD were obtained at a volume concentration of 0.03%. In conclusion, it is feasible to adopt TiO2 :SiO2 (60:40) in palm oil as an alternative green nanolubricant MQL since it has demonstrated better tribology performance as compared to base fluid of palm oil.<\/p>\n

Green nanolubricant; TiO2 :SiO2; palm oil; thermo-physical; tribology<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-39\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 3149-3160<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr>\n
40.<\/td>\n \n \n


Analysis of Flexural Strength of Kenaf\/PLA Composite Material Structures using Ansys Static Structural Simulation<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

Izdihar Tharazi , Muhammad Syakir Mohamad Saidi , Nurul Hayati Abdul Halim, Freddawati Rashiddy Wong , Farrahshaida Mohd Salleh , Mohamad Firhan Morni , Zalina binti Ya & Muhammad Ilham Khalit<\/p>\n

<\/span>Abstract<\/span>

<\/p>\n

As the automotive sector moved with natural composite materials to enhance performance and reduce the environmental impact, automotive companies are continuously investing in finding the optimum ways to apply kenaf fiber. This study aims to analyze the influence of different controlled factors on the flexural strength of polylactic-acid reinforced kenaf fiber (PLA\/kenaf) composites. Design of Experiment approach under Response Surface Methodology-Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD) on 3 levels of controlled factors of fiber orientation (0\u00b0,45\u00b0, 90\u00b0) and temperature (30 \u00b0C, 60 \u00b0C, 90 \u00b0C) which entailed 10 sets of parameters. To identify the flexural strength under different loading conditions, simulation works using Ansys Static Structural software version 2024 R1 were performed. The findings were then analyzed statistically through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) where how the controlled factors and interaction between them influences the response was illustrated and discussed. From the simulation works, the response varies from 11.431 MPa to 250.35 MPa. The ANOVA revealed that the flexural strength of PLA\/kenaf composites was significantly influenced by the controlled factors where the highest value was generated at 0\u00b0 fiber orientation and 30 \u00b0C temperature. While the lowest value was observed at the maximum values of each factor. Based on the F-value, the response was dominantly affected by the fiber orientation, followed by temperature and interaction between them. Through optimization, RSM-CCD predicted the maximum flexural strength at 246.65 MPa to be generated at the optimal parameters of 0.674\u00b0 fiber orientation and 30 \u00b0C temperature. Validation of these optimal parameters further confirmed the accuracy of the\npredictive model developed by RSM-CCD in enhancing the mechanical properties of the composite material. In conclusion, this study shows the importance of considering fiber orientation and temperature in optimizing the flexural strengths of PLA\/kenaf composite materials. Exploring the effects of other process parameters and conducting experimental validation to further refine the optimization process and enhance the performance of these composite materials in automotive applications are fully recommended.<\/p>\n

Natural fiber; RSM; kenaf composites; Kenaf\/PLA; ANOVA; ansys static structure<\/p>\n

<\/div><\/span>\n DOI : https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17576\/jkukm-2026-38(6)-40\n <\/a>\n <\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n <\/td>\n

\n 3161-3171<\/span>\n <\/td>\n <\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Volume 38 (06) September 2026 Table of Content No. Article Page 1. Mechanical Function Analysis of Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) Exposure and Musculoskeletal Disability Index Among …<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"folder":[],"class_list":["post-6108","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t