Sains Malaysiana 41(2)(2012): 225–231

Liquefied Residue of Kenaf Core Wood Produced at Different Phenol-Kenaf Ratio

(Analisis Baki Pencecairan Kayu Teras Kenaf Terhasil pada Nisbah Fenol-Kenaf yang Berbeza)

Saiful Bahari Bakarudin, Sarani Zakaria* & Chin Hua Chia

School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 Bangi, Selangor D.E. Malaysia

S. Mohd Jani

Rice and Industrial Crops Research Center, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Persiaran Mardi-UPM 43400 Serdang, Selangor D.E.. Malaysia

Received: 15 October 2010 / Accepted: 19 August 2011

ABSTRACT

Liquefactions of kenaf core wood were carried out at different phenol-kenaf (P/k) ratios. Characterizations of kenaf core wood liquefied residue were carried out to measure the degree of liquefaction. This provides a new approach to understand some fundamental aspects of the liquefaction reaction. Functional groups on the raw kenaf core wood and liquefied residue were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The crystallinity index of the kenaf wood liquefied residue, which represents crystallinity changes of the cellulose component after the liquefaction process, was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface morphology of the wood residue was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal behavior of the residues was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Abroad peak around 3450-3400 cm-1 representing OH stretching in lignin start to disappear as P/K ratio increases. The results showed that the higher the P/K ratio the greater the liquefaction of the lignin component in the kenaf core wood. The crystallinity index (CrI) on the kenaf liquefied residues increased with the increase in P/K ratio. SEM images showed that the small fragments attached on the liquefied kenaf residue surface were gradually removed as the P/K ratio was increased from 1.5/1.0 to 2.5/1.0, which is mainly attributed to the greater chemical penetration toward reactive site of the kenaf fibres. Residue content decreased as the P/K ratio increased from 1.5/1.0 to 2.5/1.0. TGA results showed the increase of heat resistance in the residue as the P/K ratio was increased.

Keywords: Biomass; kenaf residue; liquefaction; phenol

ABSTRAK

Pencirian baki pencecairan teras kayu kenaf telah dilakukan untuk mengukur darjah pencecairan. Kajian ini menyediakan suatu pendekatan baru dalam memahami aspek teras tindak balas proses pencecairan. Perubahan kumpulan berfungsi di dalam baki pencecairan dianalisis dengan Spektroskopi Inframerah Transmisi Fourier (FTIR). Indeks penghabluran yang mewakili perubahan kehabluran selulosa dalam baki pencecairan telah dikaji melalui analisis pembelauan sinar-X (XRD). Morfologi permukaan baki pencecairan telah diperhatikan menggunakan mikroskop imbasan elektron (SEM). Sifat terma baki pencecairan dianalisis menggunakan analisis termogravimetri (TGA). Analisis menunjukkan suatu puncak lebar pada 3450-3400 cm-1, merujuk kepada regangan OH di dalam lignin. Puncak ini mula menghilang dengan peningkatan nisbah fenol-kenaf (P/K). Ini menunjukkan lignin mengalami peningkatan kadar tindak balas dengan pertambahan nisbah fenol-kenaf (P/K). Indeks penghabluran (CrI) mewakili rantau berhablur selulosa mengalami peningkatan dengan pertambahan nisbah fenol-kenaf (P/K). Imej SEM menunjukkan serpihan halus yang melekat pada permukaan baki pencecairan kenaf. Fragmen ini mulai mengalami penyingkiran dari permukaan baki pencecairan apabila nisbah fenol-kenaf (P/K) meningkat daripada 1.5/1.0 ke 2.5/1.0 disebabkan peningkatan penusukan kimia ke atas tapak aktif serabut kenaf. Peratus baki pencecairan berkurangan dengan peningkatan nisbah fenol-kenaf daripada 1.5/1.0 ke 2.5/1.0. Analisis TGA menunjukkan peningkatan rintangan haba di dalam sampel baki pencecairan dengan peningkatan nisbah P/K.

Kata kunci: Baki kenaf; biojisim; fenol; pencecairan

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*Corresponding author; email: sarani@ukm.my