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Sains Malaysiana 51(6)(2022):
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5106-28
Statistical Optimization of Zinc
Oxide Nanorod Synthesis for Photocatalytic
Degradation of Methylene Blue
(Pengoptimuman Statistik Sintesis Nanorod
Zink Oksida untuk Degradasi Fotopemangkinan Metilena Biru)
AINI
AYUNNI MOHD RAUB, JUMRIL YUNAS*, MOHD AMBRI MOHAMED, JAMAL KAZMI,
JAENUDIN RIDWAN & AZRUL AZLAN HAMZAH
Institute of
Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Received: 28 February 2022/Accepted: 12
May 2022
Abstract
In this work, synthesis process
parameters of Zinc Oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs)
photocatalyst is optimized using Taguchi Method to obtain the highest degradation
rate of Methylene Blue dye, MB. The Taguchi L27 (38) orthogonal
array technique was used to determine the optimum conditions for the synthesis
of the nanostructured photocatalyst. Eight important synthesis process
parameters were chosen in the analysis while the effects of the parameters were
studied using signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio analysis using minitab-16. The ZnO NRs photocatalyst was synthesized via solution process
route based on the parameters obtained from the layout of the orthogonal
arrays. The optimized synthesized nanorods was then characterized using field
emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD),
photoluminescence (PL), ultraviolet-visible near-infrared (UV-VIS-NIR), and
Raman spectroscopies while the photodegradation of MB was determined by UV-VIS
spectrum analysis under ultraviolet light irradiation. The results show that ZnO NRs with hexagonal wurtzite structure and bandgap
energy of 3.25 eV have been obtained. The Taguchi analysis based on simulated
experimental runs predicted the highest MB degradation percentage of 17.12%
that can be achieved under optimum process conditions. Meanwhile, experimental
photocatalytic degradation of MB using ZnO NRs synthesized
under the same optimum condition achieved a degradation percentage of 17.27%,
which deviates only 0.88% from the predicted value. This analysis could give an
approach to optimize the synthesis process to ensure the good performance of nano-photocatalyst for the photodegradation of organic
contaminations in industrial wastewater in a short time and cost-effective process.
Keywords: Hydrothermal; MB degradation;
synthesis optimization; Taguchi; ZnO NRs
photocatalyst
Abstrak
Dalam kertas
ini, parameter proses sintesis bagi fotomangkin nanorod Zink Oksida (ZnO NRs)
dioptimumkan menggunakan Kaedah Taguchi untuk mendapatkan kadar degradasi
tertinggi untuk pewarna metilena biru, MB. Teknik tatasusunan ortogon Taguchi
L27 (38) digunakan untuk menentukan keadaan optimum untuk sintesis
fotomangkin berstruktur nano. Lapan parameter proses sintesis penting telah
dipilih dalam analisis manakala kesan parameter dikaji menggunakan analisis
nisbah isyarat-ke-bunyi (S/N) menggunakan minitab-16. Fotomangkin ZnO NRs telah
disintesis melalui laluan proses penyelesaian berdasarkan parameter yang
diperoleh daripada susun atur tatasusunan ortogon. Mikroskop elektron
pengimbasan pelepasan medan (FESEM), pembelauan sinar-X (XRD), fotoluminesen
(PL), inframerah-dekat sinar boleh nampak ultralembayung (UV-VIS-NIR) dan spektroskopi
Raman manakala fotodegradasi MB ditentukan oleh analisis spektrum UV-VIS di
bawah penyinaran cahaya ultralembayung. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa ZnO NRs
dengan struktur wurtzite heksagon dan tenaga celah jalur sebanyak 3.25 eV telah
diperoleh. Analisis Taguchi berdasarkan larian uji kaji simulasi meramalkan
peratusan degradasi MB tertinggi sebanyak 17.12% boleh dicapai di bawah keadaan
proses optimum. Sementara itu, degradasi fotokatalitik uji kaji MB menggunakan
ZnO NRs yang disintesis di bawah keadaan optimum yang sama mencapai peratusan
degradasi sebanyak 17.27%, yang menyimpang hanya 0.88% daripada nilai yang
diramalkan. Analisis ini boleh memberi pendekatan dalam mengoptimumkan proses
sintesis untuk memastikan prestasi nano-fotomangkin yang baik untuk
fotodegradasi pencemaran organik dalam air sisa industri dalam masa yang
singkat dan kos efektif.
Kata kunci: Degradasi MB;
fotomangkin ZnO NRs; hidroterma; pengoptimuman sintesis; Taguchi
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*Corresponding
author; email: jumrilyunas@ukm.edu.my
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