Sains Malaysiana 47(8)(2018): 1725–1730

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4708-11

 

Antiviral Properties of Orthosiphon stamineus Aqueous Extract in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infected Cells

(Sifat Antivirus Akues Ekstrak Orthosiphon stamineus dalam Sel Terjangkit Virus Herpes Simpleks Jenis 1)

 

NUR SUHANA MOHAMAD RIPIM, NURAINI FAZIL, SAIDATUL NADRAH KHOLID IBRAHIM, ADIBAH AHAMAD BAHTIAR, YIP CHEE WAI, NAZLINA IBRAHIM & NOREFRINA SHAFINAZ MD NOR*

 

School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 14 September 2017/Diterima: 17 April 2018

 

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted to investigate the antiviral activity of aqueous extracts from Orthosiphon stamineus (OS). Extraction was done using different parts of OS. The whole plant except root (WPOS), leaves (LOS) and flowers (FOS) of OS were extracted using aqueous extraction method. Cytotoxicity was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Plaque reduction assays were carried out to evaluate the antiviral activity of OS extract against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). These include post-treatment, pre-treatment and virucidal assays. High antiviral activity was observed in post-treatment and virucidal assay with 100% reduction of HSV-1 plaque at 0.39 mg/mL in LOS, FOS and WPOS. In pre-treatment assay, 79%, 84% and 97% plaque reduction using the same concentration was observed in FOS, LOS and WPOS, respectively. In conclusion, this study showed that OS aqueous extract has promising potential to be explored as anti-HSV-1 agent regardless of the mode of treatment.

 

Keywords: Cytotoxicity; ethnopharmacology; MTT; plaque reduction assay; virucidal

 

ABSTRAK

Suatu kajian telah dijalankan untuk menguji aktiviti antivirus bagi ekstrak akuas daripada Orthosiphon stamineus (OS). Pengekstrakan telah dijalankan dengan menggunakan bahagian OS yang berbeza. Seluruh tumbuhan kecuali akar (WPOS), daun (LOS) dan bunga (FOS) OS telah diekstrak melalui kaedah pengekstrakan akues. Ujian kesitotoksikan telah dijalankan dengan asai 3-(4,5- dimetiltiazol-2,5-diphenil tetrazolium bromida (MTT). Asai pengurangan plak telah dilakukan untuk mengkaji aktiviti antivirus ekstrak OS terhadap virus herpes simpleks jenis 1 (HSV-1). Antaranya ialah asai pasca-rawatan, pra-rawatan dan virusid. Aktiviti antivirus yang tinggi telah diperhatikan dalam asai virusid dan pasca-rawatan dengan 100% pengurangan plak HSV-1 pada 0.39 mg/mL bagi LOS, FOS dan WPOS. Dalam pra-rawatan, sebanyak 79%, 84% dan 97% pengurangan plak pada kepekatan ekstrak yang sama telah dicerap masing-masing dalam FOS, LOS dan WPOS . Secara keseluruhan, kajian ini telah menunjukkan bahawa ekstrak OS mempunyai potensi yang tinggi untuk dieksplotasi sebagai agen anti-HSV-1 tanpa mengira mod rawatan.

 

Kata kunci: Asai pengurangan plak; etnofarmakologi; kesitotoksikan; MTT; virusid

RUJUKAN

Akowuah, G.A., Ismail, Z., Norhayati, I. & Sadikun, A. 2005. The effects of different extraction solvents of varying polarities on polyphenols of Orthosiphon stamineus and evaluation of the free radical-scavenging activity. Food Chemistry 93(2): 311-317.

Amzad, H.M. & Ismail, Z. 2012. Quantification and enrichment of sinensetin in the leaves of Orthosiphon stamineus. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 9: S1338-S1341.

Al-suede, F.S.R., Farsi, E., Ahamed, M.B.K., Ismail, Z., Majid, S.A. & Majid, A.M.S.A. 2012. Marked antitumor activity of cat's whiskers tea (Orthosiphon stamineus) extract in orthotopic model of human colon tumor in nude mice. Journal of Biochemical Technology 3(5): 170-176.

Arvin, A., Campadelli-Fiume, G., Mocarski, E., Moore, P.S., Roizman, B., Whitley, R. & Yamanishi, K. 2007. Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bernhoft, A. 2010. A brief review on bioactive compounds in plants. Bioactive compounds in plants - benefits and risks for man and animals. Proceedings from a Symposium Held at The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo, 13 - 14 November 2008. pp. 11-17.

Dargan, D.J. 1998. Methods in Molecular Medicine. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press.

Ho, C.H., Noryati, I., Sulaiman, S.F. & Rosma, A. 2010. In vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. Extracts against food-borne bacteria. Food Chemistry 122(2010): 1168-1172.

Hossain, M.A., Ismail, Z, Rahman, A. & Kang, S.C. 2008. Chemical composition and anti fungal properties of the essential oils and crude extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. Industrial Crops and Products 27(2008): 328-334.

Hussin, M.A. & Mizanur Rahman, S.M. 2013. Isolation and characterisation of flavonoids from the leaves of medicinal plant Orthosiphon stamineus. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 8(2): 218-221.

Li, T.S.C. 2000. Medicinal Plants Culture, Utilization and Phytopharmacology. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing Company.

Lyu, S.Y., Rhim, J.Y. & Park, W.B. 2005. Antiherpetic activities of flavonoids against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV- 1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro. Archives of Pharmacal Research 28(11): 1293-1301.

Mosmann, T. 1983. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of Immunological Methods 65: 55-63.

Nguyen, M.L., Kraft, R.M. & Blaho, J.A. 2005. African green monkey kidney Vero cells require de novo protein synthesis for efficient herpes simplex virus 1 - dependent apoptosis. Virology 336: 274-290.

Roizman, B. & Knipe, D.M. 1993. The Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus. 4th. ed. New York: Lippincott Press.

Schnipper, L.E. 1980. Resistance of herpes simplex virus to acycloguanosine: Role of viral thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase loci. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America. pp. 2270-2273.

Schuhmacher, A., Reichling, J. & Schnitzler, P. 2003. Virucidal effect of peppermint oil on the enveloped viruses herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Phytomedicine 10: 504-510.

Shogan, B., Kruse, L., Mulamba, G.B., Hu, A. & Coen, D.M. 2006. Virucidal activity of a GT-rich oligonucleotide against herpes simplex virus mediated by glycoprotein B. Journal of Virology 80(10): 4740-4747.

Smither, S.J., Lear-rooney, C., Biggins, J., Pettitt, J., Lever, M.S. & Olinger, G.G. 2013. Comparison of the plaque assay and 50% tissue culture infectious dose assay as methods for measuring filovirus infectivity. Journal of Virological Methods 193(2): 565-571.

Sumaryono, W., Proksch, P., Wray, V., Witte, L. & Hartmann, T. 1991. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the phenolic constituents from Orthosiphon aristatus. Planta Medica 57: 176-180.

Tezuka, Y., Stampoulis, P., Banskota, A.H., Awale, S., Tran, K.Q., Saiki, I. & Kadota, S. 2000. Constituents of the Vietnamase medical plant Orthosiphon stamineus. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 48: 1711-1719.

Whitley, R.J. & Roizman, B. 2001. Herpes simplex virus infections. Lancet 357(9267): 1513-1518.

Whitley, R.J., Kimberlin, D.W. & Roizman, B. 1998. Herpes simplex viruses. Clinical Infectious Diseases 26(3): 541-555.

Zabihollahi, R., Namazi, R., Aghasadeghi, M.R., Esfahani, A.F., Sadat, S.M. & Modarressi, M.H. 2012. The in vitro anti-viral potential of Setarud (IMOD™), a commercial herbal medicine with protective activity against acquired immune deficiency syndrome in clinical trials.  Indian Journal of Pharmacology 44(4): 448-453.

 

 

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: efrina@ukm.edu.my

 

 

 

 

 

sebelumnya