Sains Malaysiana 50(9)(2021): 2511-2522

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5009-02

 

Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in South China Sea Short Core Sediments Off Southern Part Terengganu, Malaysia and Multivariate Statistics Approaches

(Punca Hidrokarbon Aromatik Polisiklik di Teras Sedimen Pendek Laut China Selatan di Bahagian Selatan Terengganu, Malaysia dan Pendekatan Statistik Multivariat)

 

SWEE YUN PANG1, SUHAIMI SURATMAN1*, YII SIANG HII2, BERND R.T. SIMONEIT3 & NORHAYATI MOHD TAHIR1,4

 

1Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia

 

2Pakar Scieno TW Sdn. Bhd., 25, Jalan Pengacara U1/48, Kawasan Perindustrian Temasya, 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

 

3Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

 

4Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 9 November 2020/Diterima: 22 Januari 2021

 

Abstract

Sediment cores from the southern South China Sea off the Terengganu coast were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and perylene. The concentrations of total 17 PAH (TPAHs) and perylene varied between 5.45-27.7 ng/g and 0.51-7.77 ng/g, respectively. Analyses of variance showed significant differences between the stations, but not in sub-bottom depths at the 0.05 level. The PAH cross plots showed a predominance of pyrogenic over petrogenic PAHs. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clustered PAHs that are correlated with total organic carbon (TOC), indicating the importance of surface runoff via fluvial transport for contributing these PAHs to the coastal environment of the study area. Overall, the concentrations of PAHs in the study area are considered to be in the low range, not exceeding the 100 ng/g mark.

 

Keywords: Fluvial transport; PAHs; perylene; pyrogenic; southern South China Sea

 

Abstrak

Teras sedimen yang diambil di selatan Laut China Selatan, luar pesisir Terengganu telah dikaji untukhidrokarbon aromatik polisiklik (PAH) dan perilena. Kepekatan jumlah17 PAH (TPAH) dan perilena yang diperoleh masing-masing adalah 5.45­­­-27.7 ng/g dan 0.51-7.77 ng/g. Keputusan analisis varians menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara stesen, tetapi tiada perbezaan pada kedalaman bawah dasar pada tahap 0.05. Plot silang PAH menunjukkan dominasi punca pirogenik berbanding PAH punca petrogenik. Analisis komponen utama (PCA) menampakkan PAH berkelompok berkorelasi dengan kandungan karbon organik (TOC), menunjukkan pentingnya larian permukaan melalui pengangkutan fluvium untuk menyumbang PAH kepada persekitaran pantai di kawasan kajian. Secara keseluruhan, kepekatan PAH di kawasan kajian adalah berada dalam julat rendah, tidak melebihi 100 ng/g.

 

Kata kunci: PAH; pengangkutan fluvium; perilena; pirogenik; selatan Laut China Selatan

 

RUjukan

Assim, Z.A., Salleh, F. & Nee, L.J.T.C. 2009. Aliphatic and polyaroamtic hydrocarbon in surface sediment from coastal areas of Rajang, Sarawak Malaysia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Marine Ecosystem:  Transboundary Approach in Sustainable and Integrated Marine Resource Management. Pulau Langkawi (26-28 May 2009): INCOMES. p. 59.

Bakhtiari, A.R., Zakaria, M.P., Yaziz, M.I., Hj Lajis, M.N., Bi, X. & Abd Rahim, M.C. 2009. Vertical distribution and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in anoxic sediment cores of Chini Lake, Malaysia: Perylene as indicator of land plant-derived hydrocarbons. Applied Geochemistry 24: 1777-1787.

Baumard, P., Budzinski, H. & Garrigues, P. 1998. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels of the western Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17: 765-776.

Bechtel, A., Widera, M., Sachsenhofer, R.F., Gratzer, R., Lücke, A. & Woszczyk, M. 2007. Biomarker and stable carbon isotope systematics of fossil wood from the second Lusatian lignite seam of the Lubsotw deposit (Poland). Organic Geochemistry 38: 1850-1864.

Bertrand, O., Montargès-Pelletier, E., Mansuy-Huault, L., Losson, B., Faure, P., Michels, R., Pernot, A. & Arnaud, F. 2013. A possible terrigenous origin for perylene based on a sedimentary record of a pond (Lorraine, France). Organic Geochemistry 58: 69-77.

Chiu, T.R., Mt Nanyan, N.F. & Mohd Ali, M. 2015. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of Kapas Island, Terengganu, Malaysia, Procedia Environmental Science 30: 162-167.

Elias, M.S., Wood, A.K., Hashim, Z., Wee, B.S., Hamzah, M.S., Abd Rahman, S., Abd Salim, N.A. & Talib, A. 2007. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination in the sediments of east coast Peninsular Malaysia. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences 11(1): 70-75.

Fahmy, O.G. & Fahmy, M.J. 1973. Mutagenic properties of benzo(a)pyrene and its methylated derivatives in relation to the molecular mechanisms of hydrocarbon carcinogenesis. Cancer Research 33: 302-309.

Fan, C.W., Shiue, J., Wu, C.Y. & Wu, C.Y. 2011. Perylene dominance in sediments from a subtropical high mountain lake. Organic Geochemistry 42: 116-119.

Fine, P.M., Cass, G.R. & Simoneit, B.R.T. 2002. Chemical characterization of fine particle emissions from fireplace combustion of woods grown in the southern United States. Environmental Science and Technology 36: 1442-1451.

Itoh, N., Sakagami, N., Torimura, M. & Watanabe, M. 2012. Perylene in Lake Biwa sediments originating from Cenococcum geophilum in its catchment area. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 95: 241-251.

Jia, C. & Batterman, S. 2010. A critical review of naphthalene sources and exposures relevant to indoor and outdoor air. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7: 2903-2939.

Jiang, C., Alexander, R., Kagi, R.I. & Murray, A.P. 2000. Origin of perylene in ancient sediments and its geological significance. Organic Geochemistry 31: 1545-1559.

Khalili, N.R., Scheff, P.A. & Holsen, T.M. 1995. PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and gasoline engines, highway tunnels and wood combustion emissions. Atmospheric Environment 29: 533-542.

Krauss, M., Wilcke, W., Martinus, C., Bandeira, A.G., Garcia, M.V.B. & Amelung, W. 2005. Atmospheric versus biological sources of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a tropical rain forest environment. Environmental Pollution 135: 143-154.

Marynowski, L., Smolarek, J., Bechtel, A., Philippe, M., Kurkiewicz, S. & Simoneit, B.R.T. 2013. Perylene as an indicator of conifer fossil wood degradation by wood-degrading fungi. Organic Geochemistry 59: 143-151.

Mohd Tahir, N., Fadzil, M.F., Ariffin, J., Maarop, H. & Hj. Wood, A.K. 2011. Source and distribution of hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments of Pulau Cik Wan Dagang, Kemaman. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 6: 98-106. 

Mohd Tahir, N., LI, H.L. & Abdul Rashid, M.K. 2004. Hydrocarbons distribution in sediment of coastal areas of Penggerang. Johore. Paper on Proceedings of KUSTEM Research Seminar. Terengganu (May 31-June 2, 2004): KUSTEM. pp. 189-192.

Moris, N. & Singh, M.M. 1971. Manual of Laboratory Method of Chemical Soil Analysis. Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

Page, D.S., Boehm, P.D., Douglas, G.S., Bence, A.E., Burns, W.A. & Mankiewicz, P.J. 1999. Pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments record past human activity: A case study in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38: 247-260.

Peng, X., Wang, Z., Tang, C., Lu, H., Xu, S., Chen, F., Mai, B., Chen, S., Li, K. & Yang, C. 2008. Temporal trends of hydrocarbons in sediment cores form Pearl River Estuary and northern South China Sea. Environmental Pollution 156: 442-448.

Sakari, M., Zakaria, M.P., Mohamed, C.A.R., Haji Lajis, N., Chandru, K., Bahry, P.S., Md. Sahfiee, M. & Anita, S. 2010a. The history of petroleum pollution in Malaysia: Urgent for integrated prevention approach. Environmental Asia 3: 131-142.

Sakari, M., Zakaria, M.P., Mohamed, C.A.R., Haji Lajis, N., Chandru, K., Bahry, P.S., Mazlin, B.M. & Shahbazi, A. 2010b. Urban vs. marine based oil pollution in the Strait of Johor, Malaysia: A century record. Soil and Sediment Contamination 19: 644-666.

Schauer, J.J., Kleeman, M.J., Cass, G.R. & Simoneit, B.R.T. 2002. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 5. C1 through C32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Environmental Science and Technology 36: 1169-1180.

Sicre, M.A., Marty, J.C., Saliot, A., Aparico, X., Grimalt, J. & Albaiges, J. 1987. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in different sized aerosols over the Mediterranean Sea: Occurrence and origin. Atmospheric Environment 21: 2247-2259.

Silliman, J.E., Meyers, P.A., Ostrom, P.H., Ostrom, N.E. & Eadie, B.J. 2000. Insights into the origin of perylene from the isotopic analysis of sediments from Saanich Inlet, British Columbia. Organic Geochemistry 31: 1133-1142.

Simoneit, B.R.T. 2002. Biomass burning - A review of organic tracers for smoke from incomplete combustion.  Applied Geochemistry 17: 129-162.

Tolosa, I., de Mora, S., Sheikholeslami, M.R., Villeneuve, J.P., Bartocci, J. & Cattini, C. 2004. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal Caspian Sea sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48: 44-60.

Wan Mahmood, Z.U., Mohamed, C.A.R., Yii, M.W., Ahmad, Z., Ishak, K. & Ishak, A.K. 2010. Vertical inventories and fluxes of 210Pb, 228Ra and 226Ra at southern South China Sea and Malacca Strait. Journal of Radioanalytical Nuclear Chemistry 286: 107-113.

Wang, Z., Fingas, M., Shu, Y.Y., Sigouin, L., Landriault, M., Lambert, P., Turpin, R., Campagna, P. & Mullin, J. 1999. Quantitative characterization of PAHs in burn residue and soot samples and differentiation of pyrogenic PAHs from petrogenic PAHsthe 1994 mobile burn study. Environmental Science and Technology 33: 3100-3109.

Wilcke, W., Krauss, M. & Amelung, W. 2002. Carbon isotope signature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Evidence for different source in tropical and temperate Environments? Environmental Science and Technology 36: 3530-3535.

Wu, Y.L., Wang, X.H., Li, Y.Y., Hong, H.S., Lin, H.Y. & Yin, M.D. 2009. Over one hundred year sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Andaman Sea, Malaysia. Environmental Science 30: 2512-2519.

Yang, G. 2000. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the South China Sea. Environmental Pollution 108: 163-171.

Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Goyette, D., Paton, D.W., Fowler, B.R., Sullivan, D. & Boyd, J. 1999. Natural and anthropogenic inputs of hydrocarbons to the Strait of Georgia. The Science of the Total Environment 225: 181-209.

Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Ross, P.S., Johannessen, S.C. & Dangerfield, N. 2015. Alkane and PAH provenance and potential bioavailability in coastal marine sediments subject to a gradient of anthropogenic sources in British Columbia, Canada. Organic Geochemistry 89(90): 80-116.

Yunker, M.B., Mcdonald, R.W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R.H., Goyette, D. & Sylvestre, S. 2002. PAHs in Fraser River basin: A critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAHs source and composition. Organic Geochemistry 33: 489-515.

Zaghden, H., Kallel, M., Elleuch, B., Oudot, J. & Saliot, A. 2007. Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Sfax, Tunisia, Mediterranean Sea. Marine Chemistry 105: 70-89.

Zakaria, M.P., Manan, N., Lee, C.Y. & Mohamed, C.A.R. 2009. Distribution and sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in core sediment samples collected in South China Sea. Book Abstract of Pameran Rekacipta Penyelidikan dan Inovasi (PRPI) (28-30 Julai 2009): Perhutanan dan Alam Sekitar. p. 75.

Zakaria, M.P., Takada, H., Tsutsumi, S., Ohno, K., Yamada, J., Kouno, E. & Kumata, H. 2002. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rivers and estuaries in Malaysia: A widespread input of petrogenic PAHs. Environmental Science Technology 36: 1907-1918.

Zhang, D., Liu, J., Yin, P., Lin, X., Liu, N. & Meng, X. 2016. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Coast of Weihai, China: Spatial distribution, sources and ecotoxicological risks. Marine Pollution Bulletin 109(1): 643-649.

 

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: miman@umt.edu.my

 

     

 

sebelumnya