 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Sains Malaysiana 51(8)(2022):
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5108-03
Kepelbagaian Makroinvertebrat Bentik Di Sungai
Jeriau, Bukit Fraser, Pahang, Malaysia
(Diversity of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Sungai
Jeriau, Bukit Fraser, Pahang, Malaysia)
HASYA SHAZWANI HASNORAMRI, LAU HOR YUE & AHMAD, A.K.*
Jabatan Sains Bumi dan Alam Sekitar, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan,
Malaysia
Diserahkan: 29 September
2021/Diterima: 10 Februari 2022
Abstrak
Sungai Jeriau ialah sungai yang tidak terganggu oleh aktiviti
antropogen dan dipercayai mempunyai kualiti air yang baik serta kepelbagaian
biologi akuatik yang tinggi. Oleh itu suatu kajian telah dijalankan untuk
menilai kualiti air dan kepelbagaian komuniti makroinvertebrat bentik di sungai
tersebut serta mengenal pasti makroinvertebrat bentik yang berpotensi sebagai
penunjuk biologi di ekosistem tanah tinggi. Persampelan telah dilakukan pada
bulan April 2020 dan sebanyak sembilan stesen telah disampel yang mewakili
Sungai Jeriau dan salah satu anak sungai yang bersambung dengan Sg. Jeriau.
Makroinvertebrat bentik disampel menggunakan jaring Surber dan pengukuran in-situ kualiti air telah dilakukan
untuk parameter kekonduksian, pepejal terlarut (TDS), pH, halaju air, suhu dan
oksigen terlarut (DO) menggunakan meter YSI 885. Berdasarkan kepada piawaian
kualiti air kebangsaan (NWQS), Sungai Jeriau didapati mempunyai kualiti air
yang baik dan berada dalam kelas I untuk semua parameter yang dikaji. Ujian
Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan kebanyakan parameter kualiti air berbeza dengan
bermakna di antara stesen persampelan (p<0.05,
α=0.05) kecuali parameter suhu. Sejumlah 3085 individu makroinvertebrat
bentik yang terdiri daripada 1 filum, 2 kelas, 8 order dan 52 famili telah
direkodkan di kawasan kajian. Kawasan kajian didominasi oleh famili Elmidae dan Scirtidae
(Order:Coleoptera), Baetidae dan Heptageniidae (Order:Ephemeroptera),
Hydropsychidae dan Perlidae (Order:Trichoptera) diikuti oleh Tipulidae, Chironomidae dan Simulidae (Order:Diptera).
Purata nilai Indeks Kepelbagaian Shannon (H’) adalah 2.56±0.17, Indeks Keseragaman Pielou (J) (0.76±0.09), Indeks
Kekayaan Margalef, DMg (4.99±1.72) dan Indeks
Reciprocal Berger-Parker (4.54±1.51) yang menunjukkan kualiti ekosistem di antara
sederhana tertekan dan baik. Nilai kepelbagaian Shannon rendah disebabkan oleh
pendominasian oleh beberapa famili seperti di atas dan pengiraan dilakukan pada
aras hirarki taksonomi yang tinggi iaitu famili. Variasi kelimpahan makroinvertebrat
bentik di kawasan kajian adalah besar iaitu lebih daripada 70%, dan ujian CCA
menunjukkan kekonduksian, suhu dan oksigen terlarut mempunyai pengaruh terhadap
famili Elmidae, Chironomidae dan Baetidae. Ujian Monte Carlo menunjukkan
terdapat variasi yang signifikan pada paksi–1 CCA (p<0.05) bagi parameter
kekonduksian dan oksigen terlarut. Hasil kajian menunjukkan Sg. Jeriau
menampung kepelbagaian yang tinggi dan famili Elmidae, Chironomidae dan
Baetidae berpotensi sebagai penunjuk biologi ekosistem sungai tanah tinggi.
Kata
kunci: Ekosistem sungai; indeks kepelbagaian; pemonitoran biologi
Abstract
Sungai Jeriau is a pristine river and is not
significantly affected by anthropogenic activities. This river is therefore
predicted to have good water quality and support high aquatic diversity. A
study was undertaken to determine the water quality status and benthic
macroinvertebrate diversity as well as to identify potential benthic
macroinvertebrates as biological indicators of highland ecosystems. Sampling
was undertaken in April of 2020 and nine sampling stations were sampled to
represent Sg. Jeriau and one of its tributaries. Benthic macroinvertebrates
were sampled using a Surber sampler and in-situ measurements were
undertaken for water conductivity, dissolved solids, pH, river velocity, river
water temperature and dissolved oxygen using YSI 885 meter. In regard to the
National Water Quality Standard (NWQS), Sg. Jeriau is in good shape and
classified as Class I based on every parameter. A Kurskal-Wallis test
demonstrated that the majority of water quality values between stations differ
significantly (p<0.05, α=0.05) except water temperature, which
was constant between stations. A total of 3085 benthic macroinvertebrates that
consists of 1 phylum, 2 classes, 8 orders and 52 families were recorded. The
studied river was dominated by Elmidae and Scirtidae (Order: Coleoptera),
Baetidae and Heptangeniidae (order: Ephemeroptera), Hydropsychidae and Perlidae
(order: Trichoptera) followed by Tipulidae, Chironomidae and Simulidae (order:
Diptera). Shannon diversity index average was 2.56±0.17. Pielou evenness index
(0.76±0.09), Margalef richness index (4.99±1.72) and reciprocal Berger-Parker
index (4.54±1.51) indicated that the ecosystem was between fair to good
quality. The Shannon diversity value was slightly low due to a high dominance
by the above-mentioned families as well as calculations made at the family
level. Benthic invertebrates exhibited high variation (70%) and CCA analysis
demonstrated that conductivity, water temperature and dissolved oxygen had
significant influence on Elmidae, Chironomidae and Baetidae. Monte Carlo tests
exhibited significant variation in axis 1 of the CCA analysis (p.0.05) for
conductivity and dissolved oxygen. These results demonstrates that Sg. Jeriau
supports high Elmidae, Chironomidae and Baetidae and these families have high potential
as good biological indicators for highland ecosystems.
Keywords: Biological monitoring; diversity index; river
ecosystem
RUJUKAN
Abdullah, M.P., Khalik, W.M.A.W.M. & Idris, M.I.
2015. Water quality of the Raub-Fraser’s Hill Corridor. Dlm. Prosiding
SESKORFRA (19 – 20 Mei 2015). Kelab Danau Golf, UKM, Bangi Selangor. pp.
104-108.
Ahmad, A.K., Hafizah, A. & Aisyah, S.O.S. 2021.
Chironomidae (Order: Diptera) diversity in relation to water quality
of highland rivers at Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Biology 42(3):
824-831.
Ahmad, A.K., Abd Aziz, Z., Fun, H.Y.,
Ling, T.M. & Shuhaimi Othman, M. 2013. Makroinvertebrat bentik sebagai
penunjuk biologi di Sungai Kongkoi, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 42(5): 605-614.
Ahmad, A.K., Idris, A.B., Othman, M.S., Salwana, H. &
Hamisah, H. 2008. A preliminary survey of chironomids diversity at headwater of
Langat River, Selangor. Serangga 13(1-2): 1-18.
Al-Shami, S.A., Rawi, C.S.M., Hassan Ahmad, A. & Nor,
S.A.M. 2010. Distribution of Chironomidae (Insecta:
Diptera) in polluted rivers of the Juru River Basin, Penang, Malaysia. Journal
of Environmental Sciences 22(11): 1718-1727.
APHA. 1995. Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 19th ed. Washington.
DC: American Public Health Association.
Aweng, E.R., Sharifah Aisyah, S.O.,
Ahmad Abas, K., Ahmad Fadli, A.S., Azrinaaini, M.Y. & Liyana, A.A. 2014.
Influence of water quality index (WQI) on biotic indices of benthic macroinvertebrate at Highland Rivers in Kelantan and Pahang. Jurnal
Teknologi 72(5): 5-8.
Brinkhurst, R.O. 1971. A Guide for the Identification of British
Aguatic Oligochaeta. Ambleside & Westmorland: Freshwater Biological
Association.
Che Salmah, M.R., Al-Shami, S.A., Abu Hassan, A., Madrus, M.R. & Nurul Huda, A. 2014. Distribution of detritivores in tropical forest streams of peninsular
Malaysia: Role of temperature, canopy cover and altitude variability. International Journal of Biometeorology 58(5): 679-690.
Cranston,
P.S. 2004. Insecta: Diptera, Chironomidae. Dlm. The Freshwater Invetebrates
of Malaysia and Singapore, Malaysia, disunting oleh Yule, C.M. & Yong,
H.S. Academy of Science. hlm. 711-735.
Firmiano, K.R., Castro, D.M., Linares, M.S. & Callisto, M. 2021. Functional responses of aquatic invertebrates to
anthropogenic stressors in riparian zones of Neotropical savanna streams. Science of the Total Environment 753: 141865.
Hach 2007. DR 2800 Spectrophotometer Procedures Manual. 2nd ed. USA: Hach company.
Harun,
S., Al-Shami, S.A., Dambul, R., Mohamed, M. & Abdullah, M.H. 2015. Water
quality and aquatic insects study at the lower Kinabatangan River Catchment,
Sabah: In response to Weak La Niña Event. Sains Malaysiana 44(4):
545-558.
Hauer, F.R. & Hill, W.R. 2007. Temperature,
light and oxygen. Dlm. Methods in Stream Ecology. 2nd ed., edited by Hauer, F.R. &
Lamberti, G.A. San Diego: Academic Press/Elsevier. pp. 103-117.
Jacks, F., Milošević, D., Watson, V., Beazley, K.F. & Medeiros, A.S. 2021. Bioassessment of the ecological integrity of freshwater
ecosystems using aquatic macroinvertebrates: The case of Sable Island National
Park Reserve, Canada. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment 193(5): 257.
Kutty, A.A. & Ibrahim, H. 2015. Potensi Chironomidae
sebagai penunjuk biologi di sungai rekreasi terpilih Janda Baik, Pahang,
Semenanjung Malaysia. Serangga 23(2): 1-13.
Musthafa, M.M. &
Abdullah, F. 2019. Beetles species richness along environmental gradients at
montane ecosystem in Fraser's Hill, Peninsular Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 48(7):
1395-1407.
Nor Zaiha, A., Mohd Ismid, M.S. & Salmiati.
2015. Temporal distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate communities from
tropical forest stream in gunung pulai recreational forest, Johor, Peninsular
Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 44(9): 1223-1228.
Patang, F., Soegianto, A. & Hariyanto, S. 2018.
Benthic macroinvertebrates diversity as bioindicator of water quality of some
rivers in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Journal of Ecology 2018:
1-12.
Ridzuan,
D.S., Md. Rawi, C.S., Hamid, S.A. & Al-Shami, S.A. 2017. Determination of
food sources and trophic position in Malaysian tropical highland streams using
carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Acta Ecologica Sinica 37(2): 97-104.
Satar, N.A.A., Kutty,
A.A. & Ibrahim, H. 2018. Biodiversity
of benthic macroinvertebrates in Air Terjun Lata Kinjang,
Chenderiang, Perak, Malaysia. Serangga 23(1): 99-111.
Sharifah Aisyah, S.O., Aweng, R.R.,
Ahmad Fadli, A.S. & Azrinaaini, M.Y. 2014. Benthic macroinvertebrates composition and distribution at Sungai Dawai
and Sungai Dekong in Lojing Highland, Gua Musang, Kelantan. Jurnal
Teknologi 68(3): 125-131.
Siti Hafizah, A. 2017. Kepelbagaian Chironomidae di
sungai-sungai tanah tinggi terpilih, Malaysia. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Tesis Sarjana (Tidak Diterbitkan).
Tan, K.W. & Beh, W.C. 2015. Water quality monitoring
using biological indicators in Cameron Highlands Malaysia. Journal of
Sustainable Development 8(3): 28.
Türkmen, G. & Kazanci, N. 2010. Applications of
various biodiversity indices to benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in
streams of a national park in Turkey. Review of Hydrobiologia 3(2):
111-125.
Yorulmaz, B. & Ertaş, A. 2021. Water quality assessment of Selendi Stream and comparative
performance of the indices based on benthic macroinvertebrates and
physicochemical parameters. Biologia 76(9): 2599-2607.
Yule, C.M. & Yong, H.S. 2004. Freshwater Invertebrates of the Malaysian Region. Academy of
Sciences Malaysia.
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: abas@ukm.edu.my
|
|||
|
