Sains Malaysiana 52(6)(2023): 1619-1633

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5206-02

Analisis Indeks Kemudahterancaman Banjir Secara Fizikal, Sosial dan Persekitaran di Kawasan Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia

(Analysis of Physical, Social and Environmental Flood Vulnerability Index in Kota Belud Area, Sabah, Malaysia)

KAMILIA SHARIR^1,2 & RODEANO ROSLEE^1,2*

¹Natural Disaster Research Centre (NDRC), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

²Faculty of Science & Natural Resources (FSSA), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 28 April 2022/Diterima: 7 Jun 2023

Abstrak

Banjir merupakan bahaya semula jadi yang boleh mengancam nyawa dan harta benda. Salah satu aspek penting dalam pentaksiran risiko banjir adalah kemudahterancaman. Kemudahterancaman ditakrifkan sebagai keupayaan sesuatu unsur berisiko untuk terancam akibat suatu fenomena berbahaya. Peningkatan kejadian banjir di kawasan ini semakin kerap terutamanya selepas kejadian Gempa Bumi Ranau 2015. Pemindahan penduduk mungkin satu faktor utama dalam menyelesaikan masalah banjir, namun hakikatnya penduduk enggan untuk berpindah dan bersedia untuk berhadapan dengan risiko bencana banjir. Justeru, memahami darjah kemudahterancaman unsur berisiko di kawasan ini amatlah penting untuk meminimumkan risiko banjir di kawasan ini. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk mentaksir kemudahterancaman banjir di kawasan Kota Belud berdasarkan tiga parameter utama iaitu secara fizikal, sosial dan persekitaran. Kajian ini mengambil kira unsur berisiko yang terdedah kepada kemudahterancaman banjir seperti bangunan dan komuniti setempat. Kajian ini dijalankan secara rantau bagi menggambarkan keadaan keseluruhan kawasan kajian sebelum, semasa dan selepas kejadian banjir berlaku. Sebuah pangkalan data dihasilkan dengan mengambil kira integrasi antara parameter kemudahterancaman dan pengenalpastian unsur berisiko. Data ini kemudiannya dicerap di lapangan untuk pemberian nilai skala bagi setiap parameter kemudahterancaman seperti berikut: skala 0 (tiada kerosakan), 0.25 (kerosakan rendah), 0.5 (kerosakan sederhana), 0.75 (kerosakan tinggi) dan 1 (kerosakan total). Penetapan nilai skala ini dibuat untuk memastikan keseragaman dalam menilai sub-parameter kemudahterancaman banjir di kawasan kajian. Selepas pengiraan skala kemudahterancaman dibuat, peta hasil pengiraan parameter kemudahterancaman dijana menggunakan teknik interpolasi bertujuan untuk menentukan nilai kebarangkalian bagi lokasi yang mungkin tidak dapat dikenal pasti atau tidak mempunyai data. Ketiga-tiga parameter kemudahterancaman kemudiannya digabungkan menjadi peta kemudahterancaman banjir di kawasan ini. Hasil pengiraan skor kemudahterancaman keseluruhan ini, sebanyak 533 (3.51%) buah bangunan yang terdapat di kawasan kajian mempunyai nilai 0.00 - 0.20 iaitu dalam kategori sangat rendah, 3,092 (20.37%) buah bangunan mempunyai nilai 0.21 - 0.40 iaitu dalam kategori rendah, 9,561 (62.98%) buah bangunan mempunyai nilai 0.41 - 0.60 iaitu dalam kategori sederhana, 1,995 (13.14%) buah bangunan mempunyai nilai 0.61 - 0.80 iaitu dalam kategori tinggi dan tiada jumlah bangunan mempunyai nilai 0.81 - 1.00 iaitu dalam kategori sangat tinggi. Hal ini mungkin dikaitkan dengan sub-parameter kemudahterancaman sosial kerana tiada kecederaan atau kematian direkodkan sepanjang kejadian banjir yang berlaku di kawasan kajian terutamanya selepas kejadian Gempa Bumi Ranau 2015. Tahap kesedaran awam atau kesiapsiagaan penduduk dalam menghadapi banjir juga dilihat tinggi. Ini menunjukkan bahawa penduduk setempat sudah boleh mengadaptasikan diri mereka dengan keadaan banjir yang sering berlaku di kawasan ini sejak tahun 1960-an lagi. Namun begitu, tahap kemudahterancaman yang berada pada kelas tinggi harus diberi perhatian kerana ia boleh memberi kesan secara langsung kepada aktiviti sosio-ekonomi.

Kata kunci: Bahaya; banjir; kemudahterancaman; Kota Belud; unsur berisiko

Abstract

Floods are a natural danger that can threaten lives and property. One important aspect in flood risk assessment is vulnerability. Vulnerability is defined as the ability of a risk element to be threatened by a hazardous phenomenon. Floods are becoming more frequent in this area, especially after the Ranau Earthquake in 2015. Relocation of residents may be a key factor in solving the flood problem, but the reality is that residents are unwilling to move and are prepared to face the risk of flood disasters. Therefore, understanding the degree of vulnerability of the elements at risk in this area is crucial to minimizing the risk of floods in this area. The main objective of this study was to assess flood vulnerability in the Kota Belud region based on three main parameters, namely physical, social, and environmental. This study considers risk elements that are exposed to flood vulnerability, such as buildings and local communities. The study is conducted regionally to depict the overall situation of the study area before, during, and after the occurrence of floods. A database is generated by integrating vulnerability parameters and identifying risk elements. These data are then surveyed in the field to assign a scale value for each vulnerability parameter as follows: scale 0 (no damage), 0.25 (low damage), 0.5 (moderate damage), 0.75 (high damage), and 1 (total damage). The scale values are assigned to ensure consistency in assessing flood vulnerability sub-parameters in the study area. After calculating the vulnerability scale, maps of vulnerability parameters are generated using interpolation techniques to determine the probability value for locations that may not be identifiable or have no data. The three vulnerability parameters are then combined into a flood vulnerability map in this area. The overall vulnerability score calculation shows that out of the 15,181 buildings located in the study area, 533 (3.51%) have a score ranging from 0.00 to 0.20, which is considered very low, 3,092 (20.37%) have a score ranging from 0.21 to 0.40, which is considered low, 9,561 (62.98%) have a score ranging from 0.41 to 0.60, which is considered moderate, 1,995 (13.14%) have a score ranging from 0.61 to 0.80, which is considered high, and no buildings have a score ranging from 0.81 to 1.00, which is considered very high. This may be related to the social vulnerability sub-parameter as no injuries or deaths were recorded during the floods in the study area, especially after the 2015 Ranau Earthquake. The level of public awareness or preparedness of the population in facing floods is also seen as high. This indicates that local residents are already able to adapt to the frequent floods that have occurred in this area since the 1960s. However, the high vulnerability level should be given attention as it can directly affect socio-economic activities.

Keywords: Element at risk; flood; hazard; Kota Belud; vulnerability

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: rodeano@ums.edu.my