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Sains
Malaysiana 40(10)(2011): 1105–1113
Quantitative Determination of
Ammonium Ion in Aqueous Environment
Using Riegler’s Solution and
Artificial Neural Network
(Penentuan
Kuantitatif Ion Ammonium dalam Persekitaran Akueus Menggunakan Larutan Riegler
dan Jaringan Neural
Tiruan)
Tan Ling Ling, Musa
Ahmad & Lee Yook Heng*
School
of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600
Bangi, Selangor D.E. Malaysia
Received: 12 August 2008/Accepted:
22 April 2009
ABSTRACT
A quantitative analysis has
been conducted to determine the concentration of ammonium (NH4+) ion in solution by
using Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry method and artificial neural
network (ANN). Riegler’s
reagent was used to form Riegler-NH4+ complex. The
characterisations of Riegler’s reagent in solution such as photostability, pH
effect, reagent concentration, dynamic range and reproducibility were
conducted. The colour change of the Riegler’s reagent after reaction with NH4+ was yellow to red. The Riegler’s reagent responds linearly to NH4+ ion concentration in the range of 1-7 ppm with optimum response
at pH7. Satisfactory reproducibility (2.0-2.8%) were obtained with this
reagent. The effect of interfering ions that may contain in the leachate on the
determination of NH4+ ion was also studied.
The application of ANN enabled
the extension of the useful dynamic concentration range of NH4+ ion to 1–24 ppm. The
best ANN architecture
for Riegler-NH4+ complex was built from 29 hidden neurons, 21,389 epochs number
and 0.001% learning rate which produced sum square error (SSE)
value of 0.0483 with an average calibration error of 1.4136.
Keywords: Ammonium ion;
artificial neural network; Riegler’s reagent; ultraviolet-visible
spectrophotometry
ABSTRAK
Analisis kuantitatif telah
dilakukan untuk menentukan kepekatan ion ammonium (NH4+) dalam larutan dengan
menggunakan kaedah spektrofotometri utralembahyung-nampak dan jaringan neural
tiruan (ANN). Reagen
Riegler telah digunakan untuk membentuk kompleks Riegler-NH4+. Pencirian terhadap
reagen Riegler dalam larutan termasuk analisis kestabilan foto reagen, kesan
pH, kesan kepekatan reagen, julat kepekatan dinamik dan kebolehulangan telah
dilakukan. Perubahan warna reagen Riegler selepas bertindak balas dengan NH4+ adalah kuning ke merah. Reagen Riegler memberi rangsangan linear
kepada ion NH4+ dalam julat 1-7 ppm dengan rangsangan optimum pada pH7.
Kebolehulangan yang memuaskan (2.0-2.8%) telah diperolehi dengan reagen ini.
Kesan ion pengganggu yang boleh didapati dalam air larut lesap dalam penentuan
ion NH4+ juga dikaji. Penggunaan ANN telah
berupaya memanjangkan julat kepekatan dinamik ion NH4+ sehingga julat kepekatan
1 – 24 ppm. Arkitektur jaringan ANN yang
terbaik untuk kompleks Riegler-NH4+ dibina daripada 29
neuron terlindung, 21,389 unit bilangan kitaran dan kadar pembelajaran 0.001%
yang menghasilkan nilai ralat jumlah kuasa dua (SSE) sebanyak 0.0483 dengan
purata ralat sebanyak 1.4136.
Kata kunci: Ion ammonium; jaringan neural tiruan; reagen Riegler’s;
spektrofotometri utralembahyung-nampak
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*Corresponding author; email: yh11000@ukm.my
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