Sains Malaysiana 40(3)(2011): 215–219

Synthesis of Polyaniline-Montmorillonite Nanocomposites Using H₂O₂ as the Oxidant

(Sintesis Komposit Nanopolianilia-Montmorilonit Menggunakan H₂O₂ sebagai Pengoksida)

Narayanan Binitha^*,1,2, Viswanathan Suraja², Zahira Yaakob² & Sankaran Sugunan³

¹Department of Chemistry

Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College, Pattambi, Kerala, India

²Department of Chemical and Process Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600, Bangi, Selangor, D.E., Malaysia

³Department of Applied Chemistry

Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India

Received: 22 July 2010 / Accepted: 3 September 2010

ABSTRACT

Polyaniline montmorillonite nanocomposite was prepared using H₂O₂ as the oxidant. The catalytic environment of montmorillonite favours polymerization. Intercalation and composite formation was proven from various techniques such as XRD, FTIR, DRS and thermal analysis. XRD patterns give the dimension of the intercalated PANI, from the shift of 2θ values, which is in the nano range. FTIR showed that PANI composite formation occured without affecting the basic clay layer structure. Thus the successful development of an alternative cheap route for polyaniline–montmorillonite nanocomposite was well established.

Keywords: Chemical synthesis; montmorillonite; polyaniline nanocomposite

ABSTRAK

Komposit nanopolianilin-montmorilonit telah disediakan dengan menggunakan H₂O₂ sebagai pengoksida. Montmorilonit bersifat pemangkin yang dapat membantu pempolimeran. Kemasukan dan pembentukan komposit telah dibuktikan melalui berbagai ujian seperti XRD, FTIR, DRS and analisis terma. Corak ujian XRD membuktikan adanya kemasukan PANI yang dapat dilihat melalui perubahan nilai 2θ, yang merupakan julat nano. Ujian FTIR menunjukkan pembentukan komposit PANI terjadi tanpa mengganggu struktur asas lapisan tanah liat. Kajian ini telah menghasilkan kaedah alternatif untuk menghasilkan komposit nano polianilia–montmorilonit dengan kos yang rendah.

Kata kunci: Komposit nanopolianilia; montmorilonit; sintesis kimia

REFERENCES

Alan, G.M., & Arthur, J.E. 1995. Secondary doping in polyaniline. Synthetic Metals 69(1-3): 85-92.

Booij, E., Kloprogge, J.T. & Veen, J.A.R.V. 1996. Large pore REE /Al-pillared bentonites: Preparation,structural aspects and catalytic properties. Applied Clay Science 11: 155-162.

Chang, T.C., Ho, S.Y. & Chao, K.J. 1992. Intercalation of polyaniline in montmorillonite and zeolite. Journal of Chinese Chemical Society 39(6): 209-212.

Chen, K.H. & Yang, S.M. 2003. Polyaniline- montmorillonite composite synthesized by electrochemical method. Synthetic Metals 151: 135-136.

Duke, C.B. & Gibson, H.W. 1982. Kirth – Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Gao, F. 2004. Clay/polymercomposites: the story. Materials Today 7(11): 50–55.

Gilman, J.W., Jackson, C.L., Morgan, A.B., Hayyis, R., Manias, E., Giannelis, E.P., Wuthenow, M., Hilton, D. & Philips, S.H. 2000. Flammability properties of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. polypropylene and polystyrene nanocomposites. Chemistry of Materials 12: 1866-1873.

Goddart, Y.A., Vold, R.L. & Hoatson, G.L. 2003. Deuteron NMR studies of conducting polyanilne. Macromolecules 36: 1162-1169.

Goller, M.I., Barthet, C., Mc Carthy, G.P., Corradi, R., Newby, B.P., Wilson, S.A., Armes, S.P. & S.Y. Luk. 1998. Synthesis and characterization of surface-aminated polypyrrole–silica nocomposites. Colloid and Polymer Science 276: 1010-1018.

Guinier, A. 1994. X-ray Diffraction in Crystals, Imperfect Crystals and Amorphous Bodies. San Francisco: Freeman & Co.

Gustafsson, G., Cao, Y., Treacy, G.M., Klavetter, F., Colaneri, N. & Heeger, A.J. 1992. Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymers. Nature 357: 477-479.

Jia, W., Segal, E., Narkis, M. & Siegmann, A. 2002. Polymerization of anilinium-DBSA in the presence of clay particles: Kinetics and formation of core-shell structures. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 13(1): 16-24.

Kim, B.H., Jung, J.H., Hong, S.H., Kim, J.W., Choi, H.J. & Joo, J. 2001a. Physicalcharacterization of emulsion intercalated polyaniline-clay nanocomposite. Current Applied Physics 1: 112-115.

Kim, B.H., Jung, J.H., Hong, S.H. & Joo, J. 2002. Nanocomposite of polyaniline and Na+−montmorillonite clay. Macromolecules 35: 1419-1423.

Kim, B.H., Jung, J.H., Kim, J.W., Choi, H.J. & Joo, J. 2001b. Nanocomposite intercalated by emulsion polymerization. Synthetic Metals 117: 115-118.

Kim, J.W., Kim, S.G., Choi, J.H. & Jhon, M.S. 1999. Synthesis and electrorheological properties of polyaniline-Na+-montmorillonite suspensions. Macromolecular Rapid Communications 20(8): 450-452.

.

Koul, S., Chandra, R. & Dhawan, S.K. 2000. Conducting polyaniline composite for ESD and EMI at 101 GHz. Polymer 41(25): 9305-9310.

Lee, D. & Char, K. 2002. Thermal degradation behavior of polyaniline in polyaniline/Na+- montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polymer Degradation and Stability 75: 555-560.

Lim, Y.T., Park, J.H. & Park, O.O. 2002. Improved electrorheological effect in polyaniline nanocomposite suspensions. Journal of Colloid Interface Science 245(1): 198-203.

Moreau, S., Balek, V. & Beguin, F. 1999. Characterization of new silicate/oxide lamellar nanocomposites by emanation thermal analysis. Material Research Bulletin 34: 503-510.

Orata, D. & Segor, F. 2000. Electrodeposition of polyaniline on acidified clay montmorillonite modified electrode. Reactive and Functional Polymers 43: 305-314.

Pages, H., Topart, P. & Lemordant, D. 2001. Wide band electrochromic displays based on thin conducting polymer films. Electrochimica Acta 46: 2137-2143.

Pouget, J.P., Jozefowicz, M.E., Epstein, A.J., Tang, X. & MacDiarmid, A.G. 1991. X-ray structure of polyaniline. Macromolecules 24(3): 779-789.

Quillard, S., Louran, G., Lefrant, S. & Mac Diarmid, A.G. 1994. Vibrational analysis of polyaniline: A comparative study of leucoemeraldine, emeraldine, and pernigraniline bases. Physical Review B 50: 12496-12508.

Riede, A., Helmstedt, J., Riede, V., Zemek, J. & Stejskal, J. 2000. In Situ Polymerized Polyaniline Films. 2. Dispersion Polymerization of Aniline in the Presence of Colloidal Silica. Langmuir 16: 6240-6244.

Sailor, M.J., Ginsburg, E.J., Gorman, C.B., Kumar, A., Grubbs, R.H. & Lewis, N.S. 1990. Thin films of n-Si/Poly-(CH₃)₃Si-Cyclooctatetraene: Conducting-polymer solar cells and layered structures. Science 249: 1146-1149.

Shewring, N.I.E., Jones, T.G.J., Maitland, G. & Yarwood, J. 1995. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques to investigate surface hydration processes on bentonite. Journal of Colloid Interface Science 176: 308-317.219

Sirringhaus, H., Tessler, N. & Friend, R.H. 1998. Integrated optoelectronic devices based on conjugated polymers. Science 280: 1741-1744.

Stafström, S., Brédas, J.L., Epstein, A.J., Woo, H.S., Tanner, D.B., Hung, W.S. & MacDiarmid, A.G. 1987. Polaron lattice in highly conducting polyaniline: Theoretical and optical studies. Physical Review Letters 59(13): 1464-1467.

Sui, X., Chu, Y., Xing, S. & Liu, C., 2004. Synthesis of PANI/AgCl, PANI/BaSO₄ and PANI/TiO₂ nanocomposites in CTAB/ hexanol/ water reverse micelle Mater. Lett. 25: 1255-1259.

Sukeerthi, S. & Contractor, A.Q. 1999. Molecular sensors and sensor arrays based on polyaniline microtubules. Analytical Chemistry 71: 2231-2236.

Whittingham, M.S. 1982. Intercalation Chemistry. New York: Academic Press.

Wu, Q., Xue, Z., Qi, Z. & Wang, F. 2000. Synthesis and characterization of PAN/clay nanocomposite with extended chain conformation of polyaniline. Polymer 41(6): 2029-2032.

Xia, H. & Wang, Q. 2002. Ultrasonic irradiation: A novel approach to prepare conductive polianiline/nanocrystalline titania. Chemistry of Materials 14(5): 2158-2165.

*Corresponding author; email: binithann@yahoo.co.in