Sains Malaysiana 45(6)(2016): 879–882

 

How Rice (Oryza sativa L.), a Semi-Aquatic Plant Adapt to Natural Flood or Submerged Condition? A Physiological Perspective

(Bagaimana Padi (Oryza sativa L.), Suatu Tumbuhan Akuatik Menyesuaikan Diri dalam Keadaan Banjir Semula Jadi atau Tenggelam? Suatu Perspektif Fisiologi)

 

R.K. UPADHYAY*

 

Department of Botany, Haflong Government College (Assam University Affiliation)

Haflong - 788819, Assam, India

 

Received: 17 June 2014/Accepted: 19 December 2015

 

ABSTRACT

The deficiency of oxygen in water during submergence is one of the frequently perceived environmental factors that limits or hampers production of the rice cultivation. Rice plants comprise of elongated submerged tissues that help to bear with the rise of water level in natural location. This characteristic helps the plant to deal with flooding stress. The mechanism on flooding tolerance and adaptation mostly includes the physiological changes, one of which is the shortened growth of elongation towards keeping the carbohydrates and energy for production of the antioxidant regulations in rice plants. Furthermore, molecular studies and gene cloning might help suggest a better understanding of means and adaptations built-up by rice plants in order to stay alive and to remain active during flooding stress, might help to focus on some novel approaches to the up gradation as well as improvement on the natural cultivation of rice plants.

 

Keywords: Adaptation; anoxia; biochemical change; flooding; Oryza sativa; submergence

 

ABSTRAK

Kekurangan oksigen dalam air semasa penenggelaman adalah salah satu faktor alam sekitar yang sering dilihat menghadkan atau menghalang pengeluaran penanaman padi. Tanaman padi terdiri daripada tisu tenggelam memanjang yang membantu mengatasi kenaikan paras air di lokasi semula jadi. Ciri ini membantu tumbuhan untuk menangani tekanan banjir. Mekanisme banjir dan penyesuaian selalunya melibatkan perubahan fisiologi, satu daripadanya ialah pemendekan pertumbuhan pemanjangan ke arah menjaga karbohidrat dan tenaga untuk pengeluaran antioksidan dalam tanaman padi. Selanjutnya, kajian molekul dan pengklonan gen boleh membantu mencadangkan cara yang lebih difahami dan penyesuaian binaan oleh tanaman padi untuk terus hidup dan kekal aktif semasa tekanan banjir, dapat membantu untuk memberi tumpuan kepada beberapa pendekatan novel untuk meningkatkan pemeringkatan serta penambah baikan penanaman tanaman padi secara semula jadi.

 

Kata kunci: Anoksia; banjir; Oryza sativa; penyesuaian; perubahan biokimia; tenggelam

REFERENCES

Alpi, A., Perata, P. & Beevers, H. 1985. Physiological responses of cereals seedlings to ethanol. J. Plant Physiol. 119: 77-85.

Bansal, R. & Srivastava, J.P. 2012. Antioxidative defense system in pigeonpea roots under waterlogging stress. Acta Physiol. Plant 34: 515-522.

Blokhina, O.,Virolainen, E. & Fagerstedt, K.V. 2003. Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress: A review. Annals of Botany 91: 179-194.

Dolferus, R., Klok, E.J., Delessert, C., Wilson, S., Ismond, K.P., Good, A.G., Peacock, W.J. & Dennis, E.S. 2003. Enhancing the anaerobic response. Annals of Botany 91: 111-117.

Grover, A., Hossain, M.A., Haq, M.F., McGee, J.D., Peacock, W., Denis, E.S. & Hondes, T.K. 1995. Studies on the alterations of Pde gene expression in transgenic rice: in Fragile lives in fragile ecosystems. Proceedings of the International Rice Research Conference, Manila, Philippines. pp. 911-921.

Hsu, F.H., Lin, J.B. & Chang, S.R. 2000. Effects of waterlogging on seed germination, electric conductivity of solute leakage and developments of hypocotyol and radicle in Sundangrass. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 41: 267-273.

Hoffmann-Benning, S. & Kende, H. 1992. On the role of abscisic and GA in the regulation of growth in rice. Plant Physiol. 99: 1156-1161.

Haq, E. & Hodges, T.K. 1999. An anaerobically inducible early (aie) gene family from rice. Plant Mol. Biol. 40: 591-601.

Jackson, M.B. 1997. Hormones from roots as signals for the shoots of stressed plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2: 22-28.

Jackson, M.B. & Armstrong, W. 1999. Formation of aerenchyma and the processes of plant ventilation in relation to soil flooding and submergence. Plant Biol. 1: 274-287.

Kutschera, U. & Kende, H. 1988. The biophysical basis of elongation growth in internodes of deep water rice. Plant Physiol. 88: 361-366.

Kende, H., Knaap, E.V.d. & Cho, H.T 1998. Deepwater rice: A model plant to study stem elongation. Plant Physiol. 118: 1105-1110.

Lorbiecke, R. & Sauter, M. 1999. Anventatious root growth and cell cycle induction in deepwater rice. Plant Physiol. 119: 21-29.

Lee, T.G., Jang, C.S., Kim, J.Y., Ki, D.S., Park, J.H., Kim, D.Y. & Seo, Y.W. 2007. A Myb transcription factor (TaMyb1) from wheat roots is expressed during hypoxia: Roles in response to the oxygen concentration in root environment and abiotic stresses. Physiol. Plant 129: 375-385.

Mackill, D.J., Ismail, A.M., Singh, U.S., Labios, R.V. & Paris, T.R. 2012. Development and rapid adoption of submergence-tolerant (Sub1) rice varieties. Advances in Agronomy 115: 303-356.

Metraux, J.P. & Kende, H. 1984. The cellular basis of the elongation response in submerged deepwater rice. Planta 160: 73-77.

Menegus, F., Cattaruzza, L., Mattana, M., Beffagna, N. & Ragg, E. 1991. Response to anoxia in rice and wheat seedlings. Changes in the pH of intracellular compartments, glucose -6-phosphate level, and metabolic rate. Plant Physiol. 95: 760-767.

Mcmanmon, M. & Crawford, R.M.M. 1971. A metabolic theory of flooding tolerance: The significance of enzyme distribution and behaviour. New Phytol. 70: 299-306.

Parlanti, S., Kudahettige, N.P., Lombardi, L., Mensuali-sodi, A., Alpi, A., Perata, P. & Pucciariello, C. 2011. Distinct mechanisms for aerenchyma formation in leaf sheaths of rice genotypes displaying a quiescence or escape strategy for flooding tolerance. Ann. Bot. 107: 1335-1343.

Ram, P.C., Singh, B.B., Singh, A.K., Ram, P., Singh, P.N., Singh, H.P., Boamfa, E.I., Harren, F.J.M., Santosa, E. & Jackson, M.B. 2002. Physiological basis of submergence tolerance in rainfed lowland rice: Prospects for germplasm improvement through marker aided breeding. Field Crop Research 76: 131-152.

Roy, J.K. 1993. Breeding approaches for increasing productivity of rain fed ecosystem. In Proceeding of National Symposium on Advances in Rice Genetics and Breeding, edited by Row, K.V.S.R.K. India: Central Rice Research Institute. pp. 15-17.

Sarkar, R.K., De, R.N., Reddy, J.N. & Ramakrishnaya, G. 1996. Studies on the submergence tolerance mechanism in relation to carbohydrate, chlorophyll and specific leaf weight in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Plant Physiol. 149: 623-625.

Singh, H.P., Singh, B.B. & Ram, P.C. 2001. Submergence tolerance of rainfed lowland rice: Search for physiological marker traits. J. Plant Physiol. 158: 883-889.

Steffens, B., Kovalev, A., Gorb, S.N. & Sauter, M. 2012. Emerging roots alters epidermal cell fate through mechanical and reactive oxygen species signalling. Plant Cell 24: 3296- 3306.

Subbaiah, C.C. & Sachs, M.M. 2003. Molecular and cellular adaptations of maize to flooding stress. Ann. Bot 91: 119-127.

Upadhyay, R.K., Panda, S.K. & Dutta, B.K. 2010. Biochemical impact of re-oxygenation in rice seedlings after submergence stress. Ind. J. Plant Physiol. 15(2): 148-152.

Upadhyay, R.K., Panda, S.K. & Dutta, B.K. 2009. Growth, chlorophyll and electric conductivity responses of rice cultivars to different levels of submergence and post submergence stress. Journal of Phytology 1(6): 325-432.

Vergara, B.S., Jackson, M. & Dutta, S.K. 1976. Deepwater Rice and Its Response to Deep Water Stress, in Climate and Rice. Los Banos: International Rice Research Institute. pp. 301-319.

Vander Straeten, D., Zhou, Z., Prinsen, E., Van Onckelen, H.A. & Van Montague, M.C. 2001. A comparative molecular - physiological study of submergence response in lowland and deepwater rice. Plant Physiol. 125: 995-968.

Zhou, Z., Vrienzen, W., Van Caeneghem, W., Van Montagu, M. & Vander Straeten, D. 2001. Rapid induction of a noval ACC Synthase gene in deepwater rice seedlings upon complete submergence. Euphytica 121: 137-143.

 

 

*Corresponding author; email: rishik.upadhyay@rediffmail.com

 

 

previous