Sains Malaysiana 49(10)(2020): 2477-2486

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4910-13

Evaluation and Optimization of a New Approach on Phenol Extraction from Real Water

(Penilaian dan Pengoptimuman Pendekatan yang Baharu untuk Memisahkan Fenol daripada Air Semula Jadi)

NIK NUR ATIQAH NIK WEE¹, NUR IRSALINA MOHD JUBER¹, MOHD NOR FAIZ NORRRAHIM² & NOORASHIKIN MD. SALEH¹*

¹Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, CESPRO, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Research Center for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Received: 16 January 2020/Accepted: 29 April 2020

Abstract

Phenolic compounds are hazardous industrial wastes that can contaminate real water resources. Therefore, the removal of these compounds in order to reach acceptable levels before discharging becomes challenging. In this study, a combination method between dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) with high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection at 280 nm with the isocratic condition was introduced as a new approach for separating phenol content in water samples. The optimized parameters that affect the extraction efficiency, such as type of solvents, the volume of extraction and dispersive, stirring speed of centrifuge and salt concentration were evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was used to investigate the effect of four independent variables parameters, as mentioned. The recovery value on the DLLME method for the water sample is in the range of 92.31 - 114.29%. Based on the recovery obtained, the DLMME-HPLC-UV is a promising method for phenol extraction because it is simple, effective and produce a high percentage of the recovery.

Keywords: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; high-performance liquid-chromatography-UV; phenol; response surface methodology; water sample

Abstrak

Sebatian fenol adalah sisa industri berbahaya yang boleh mencemari sumber air semula jadi. Oleh itu, penyingkiran sebatian ini daripada air untuk mencapai tahap yang selamat sebelum dilepaskan menjadi suatu perkara yang mencabar. Dalam kajian ini, gabungan kaedah mikroektraksi cecair-cecair serak (DLLME) dengan kromatografi cecair prestasi tinggi-pengesanan UV pada 280 nm dalam keadaan isokumen diperkenalkan sebagai pendekatan yang baru untuk memisahkan fenol yang terdapat di dalam sampel air. Untuk mengoptimunkan parameter yang mempengaruhi kadar kecekapan pengekstrakan, seperti jenis pelarut, jumlah pengekstrakan dan serakan, kelajuan pengadukan emparan dan juga kepekatan garam dinilai menggunakan kaedah permukaan tindak balas (RSM). Reka bentuk komposit pusat (CCD) digunakan untuk mengkaji kesan empat parameter pemboleh ubah bebas seperti yang dinyatakan. Nilai pemulihan kaedah DLLME untuk sampel air adalah dalam lingkungan 92.31% - 114.29%. Berdasarkan nilai pemulihan yang diperoleh, DLLME-HPLC-UV adalah kaedah yang menjanjikan untuk pengestrakan fenol kerana ia adalah mudah, berkesan dan dapat menghasilkan peratusan pemulihan yang tinggi.

Kata kunci: Fenol; kaedah permukaan tindak balas; kromatografi cecair prestasi tinggi-pengesanan UV; mikroektraksi cecair-cecair serakan; sampel air

REFERENCES

Abdelkreem, M. 2013. Adsorption of phenol from industrial wastewater using olive mill waste. APCBEE Procedia 5(1): 349-357.

Alhaji, M.H., Abdullahi, M.S., Oparah, E.N., Bitrus, H. & Rigit, A.R.H. 2020. Productiton of annins from Acacia nilotica pods for the leather manufacturing industry-extractions, characterization, and optimization using design of experiment. Bioresources 15(2): 2212-2226.

Azahar, N.F., Abd Gani, S.S. & Mokhtar, N.F.M. 2017. Optimization of phenolics and flavonoids extraction conditions of Curcuma zedoaria leaves using response surface methodology. Chemistry Central Journal 11(1): 1-10.

Ba-Abbad, M.M., Kadhum, A.A.H., Mohamad, A.B., Takriff, M.S. & Sopian, K. 2012. Synthesis and catalytic activity of TiO₂ nanoparticles for photochemical oxidation of concentrated chlorophenols under direct solar radiation. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 7(6): 4871-4888.

Bezerra, M.A., Santelli, R.E., Oliveira, E.P., Villar, L.S. & Escaleira, L.A. 2008. Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta 76(5): 965-977.

Cabrera, K., Lubda, D., Eggenweiler, H.M., Minakuchi, H. & Nakanishi, K. 2000. A new monolithic‐type HPLC column for fast separations. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23(1): 93-99.

Cai, Y., Cai, Y.E., Shi, Y., Liu, J., Mou, S. & Lu, Y. 2007. A liquid-liquid extraction technique for phthalate esters with water-soluble organic solvents by adding inorganic salts. Microchimica Acta 157(1-2): 73-79.

Gupta, V.K., Ali, I., Saleh, T.A., Nayak, A. & Agarwal, S. 2012. Chemical treatment technologies for waste-water recycling - An overview. RSC Advances 2(16): 6380-6388.

Jain, R., Mudiam, M.K.R., Chauhan, A., Ch, R., Murthy, R.C. & Khan, H.A. 2013. Simultaneous derivatisation and preconcentration of parabens in food and other matrices by isobutyl chloroformate and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatographic analysis. Food Chemistry 141(1): 436-443.

Jiang, H., Fang, Y., Fu, Y. & Guo, Q.X. 2003. Studies on the extraction of phenol in wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials 101(2): 179-190.

Khalid, M., Joly, G., Renaud, A. & Magnoux, P. 2004. Removal of phenol from water by adsorption using zeolites. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 43(17): 5275-5280.

Liu, S., Xie, Q., Chen, J., Sun, J., He, H. & Zhang, X. 2013. Development and comparison of two dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction techniques coupled to high performance liquid chromatography for the rapid analysis of bisphenol A in edible oils. Journal of Chromatography A 1295: 16-23.

Liyana-Pathirana, C. & Shahidi, F. 2005. Optimization of extraction of phenolic compounds from wheat using response surface methodology. Food Chemistry 93(1): 47-56.

Lua, A.C. 2019. A detailed study of pyrolysis conditions on the production of steam-activated carbon derived from oil-palm shell and its application in phenol adsorption. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 10: 523-533.

Maham, M., Kiarostami, V., Waqif-Husain, S. & Sharifabadi, M.K. 2014. Analysis of chlorpheniramine in human urine samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 50(3): 551-557.

Mahdavi, S., Molodi, P. & Zarabi, M. 2018. Functionalized MgO, CeO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles with humic acid for the study of nitrate adsorption efficiency from water. Research on Chemical Intermediates 44(9): 5043-5062.

Masqué, N., Marcé, R.M. & Borrull, F. 1998. New polymeric and other types of sorbents for solid-phase extraction of polar organic micropollutants from environmental water. Trac Trends in Analytical Chemistry 17(6): 384-394.

Mittal, A., Kaur, D., Malviya, A., Mittal, J. & Gupta, V.K. 2009. Adsorption studies on the removal of coloring agent phenol red from wastewater using waste materials as adsorbents. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 337(2): 345-354.

Pawliszyn, J. 2003. Sample preparation: quo vadis? Analytical Chemistry 75(11): 2543-2558.

Pourbasheer, E., Qasemi, F., Rouhi, M., Azari, Z. & Ganjali, M.R. 2017. Preconcentration and determination of 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and experimental design. Journal of Separation Science 40(11): 2467-2473.

Rezaee, M., Yamini, Y., Shariati, S., Esrafili, A. & Shamsipur, M. 2009. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection as a very simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of bisphenol A in water samples. Journal of Chromatography A 1216(9): 1511-1514.

Rezaee, M., Assadi, Y., Hosseini, M.R.M., Aghaee, E., Ahmadi, F. & Berijani, S. 2006. Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Journal of Chromatography A 1116(1-2): 1-9.

Rykowska, I., Ziemblińska, J. & Nowak, I. 2018. Modern approaches in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) based on ionic liquids: A review. Journal of Molecular Liquids 259: 319-339.

Said, M., Ahmad, A. & Mohammad, A.W. 2013. Removal of phenol during ultrafiltration of Palm oil mill effluent (POME): Effect of pH, ionic strength, pressure and temperature. Der Pharma Chemica 5(3): 190-196.

Silva, E.M., Rogez, H. & Larondelle, Y. 2007. Optimization of extraction of phenolics from Inga edulis leaves using response surface methodology. Separation and Purification Technology 55(3): 381-387.

Singh, K.P., Malik, A., Sinha, S. & Ojha, P. 2008. Liquid-phase adsorption of phenols using activated carbons derived from agricultural waste material. Journal of Hazardous Materials 150(3): 626-641.

Sohaimi, N.M., Saleh, N.M., Ariffin, M.M., Beh, S.Y. & Ahmad, R. 2018. An environmentally friendly method for extraction of parabens in various samples using low viscosity and low cloud point temperature surfactant. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences 22(3): 365-374.

Wu, Q., Li, Y., Wang, C., Liu, Z., Zang, X., Zhou, X. & Wang, Z. 2009. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection for the determination of carbendazim and thiabendazole in environmental samples. Analytica Chimica Acta 638(2): 139-145.

Yang, C., Qian, Y., Zhang, L. & Feng, J. 2006. Solvent extraction process development and on-site trial-plant for phenol removal from industrial coal-gasification wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal 117(2): 179-185.

Yousefzadeh, S., Matin, A.R., Ahmadi, E., Sabeti, Z., Alimohammadi, M., Aslani, H. & Nabizadeh, R. 2018. Response surface methodology as a tool for modeling and optimization of Bacillus subtilis spores inactivation by UV/nano-Fe₀ process for safe water production. Food and Chemical Toxicology 114: 334-345.

Zhang, P.P., Shi, Z.G., Yu, Q.W. & Feng, Y.Q. 2011. A new device for magnetic stirring-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of UV filters in environmental water samples. Talanta 83(5): 1711-1715.

*Corresponding author; email: noorashikin@ukm.edu.my