Sains Malaysiana 51(11)(2022): 3607-3619

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5111-08

Cadmium Toxicity Alleviation through Exogenous Application of Gibberellic Acid (GA₃) in Mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) and Rapeseed (Brassica rapaL.)

(Pengurangan Ketoksikan Kadmium melalui Penggunaan Eksogen Asid Giberelik (GA3) dalam Mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) dan Biji Ragam (Brassica rapa L.))

MUHAMMAD SAJJAD IQBAL^1,*, FAIZA BASHIR¹, MUHAMMAD AKBAR¹, KHAWAJA SHAFIQUE AHMAD², MUHAMMAD AZHAR ALI¹, SYED ATIQ HUSSAIN¹, NOSHIA ARSHAD¹, HAJRA MASOOD¹, SABA MUNIR¹, TAHIRA AHMAD¹ & MUHAMMAD ISLAM³

¹Biodiversity Informatics, Genomics and Post Harvest Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan

²Department of Botany, University of Poonch Rawalakot, 12350, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan

³Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan

Received: 21 October 2021/Accepted: 22 June 2022

ABSTRACT

An experiment was carried out by considering adverse impact of heavy metals on human health through consumption of crops. To alleviate the adverse effects of cadmium (Cd) toxicity through foliar application of gibberellic acid (GA₃), two varieties of Brassica including Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) commonly known as ‘Raya’ and rapeseed (Brassica rapaL.) as ‘Toria’ were studied. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used with eight treatments including control in four replicates. Treatments were as following, T0 (control), T1 (150 μM CdCl₂), T2 (50 mg/L GA₃), T3 (75 mg/L GA₃), T4 (100 mg/L GA₃), T5 (150 μM CdCl₂ + 50 mg/L GA₃), T6 (150 μM CdCl₂ + 75 mg/L GA₃), and T7 (150 μM CdCl₂ + 100 mg/L GA₃). Gibberellic acid (GA₃), a plant growth regulator applied exogenously. The concentration of cadmium (150 µM CdCl₂) resulted in Cd toxicity affected adversely the morphological and biochemical parameters. Foliar application of GA₃ (50 mg, 75 mg and 100 mg) positively influenced the various growth parameters as root length (30 cm), shoot length (129.75 cm), number of leaves (14.5), pods per plant (88) and biochemical parameters like total chlorophyll (0.19 mg/g), protein content (0.70 mg/mL), carbohydrates (0.37 mg/mL) and CAT (0.56 units/mg). Outcome indicated that GA₃ reduces the harmful effects of Cd stress in both varieties. It was concluded that all growth and yield parameters of variety ‘Raya’ were better as compared to variety ‘Toria’, hence Raya recommended for large scale cultivation with GA₃ under Cd stress.

Keywords: Cadmium stress; gibberellic acid; mustard; toxicity

 Abstrak

Satu uji kaji telah dijalankan dengan mempertimbangkan kesan buruk logam berat terhadap kesihatan manusia melalui penggunaan tanaman. Untuk mengurangkan kesan buruk ketoksikan kadmium (Cd) melalui penggunaan daun asid giberelik (GA₃), dua jenis Brassica termasuk mustard India (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) yang biasanya dikenali sebagai 'Raya' dan biji sesawi (Brassica rapa L.) 'Toria' dikaji. Reka Bentuk Rawak Sepenuhnya (CRD) digunakan dengan lapan rawatan termasuk kawalan dalam empat replikasi. Rawatan adalah seperti berikut, T0 (kawalan), T1 (150 μM CdCl₂), T2 (50 mg/L GA₃), T3 (75 mg/L GA₃), T4 (100 mg/L GA₃), T5 (150 μM CdCl₂ + 50 mg/L GA₃), T6 (150 μM CdCl₂ + 75 mg/L GA₃) dan T7 (150 μM CdCl₂ + 100 mg/L GA₃). Asid giberelik (GA₃), pengawal selia pertumbuhan tumbuhan digunakan secara eksogen. Kepekatan kadmium (150 µM CdCl₂) mengakibatkan ketoksikan Cd memberi kesan buruk kepada parameter morfologi dan biokimia. Penggunaan daun GA₃ (50 mg, 75 mg dan 100 mg) secara positif mempengaruhi pelbagai parameter pertumbuhan seperti panjang akar (30 cm), panjang pucuk (129.75 cm), bilangan daun (14.5), buah setiap tumbuhan (88) dan biokimia parameter seperti jumlah klorofil (0.19 mg/g), kandungan protein (0.70 mg/mL), karbohidrat (0.37 mg/mL) dan CAT (0.56 unit/mg). Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa GA₃ mengurangkan kesan berbahaya tekanan Cd dalam kedua-dua varieti. Disimpulkan bahawa semua parameter pertumbuhan dan hasil varieti 'Raya' adalah lebih baik berbanding varieti 'Toria', justeru Raya disyorkan untuk penanaman berskala besar dengan GA₃ di bawah tekanan Cd.

Kata kunci: Asid giberelik; ketoksikan; mustard; tekanan kadmium

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^*Corresponding author; email: drsajjad.iqbal@uog.edu.pk