Sains Malaysiana 52(5)(2023): 1469-1483

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5205-11

Deep Eutectic Solvent Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Extraction of Bisphenols and Phthalates from Selected Freshwater Source in Selangor, Malaysia

(Pelarut Eutektik Dalam Digandingkan dengan Kromatografi Cecair Berprestasi Tinggi untuk Pengekstrakan Bisfenol dan Phthalat daripada Sumber Air Tawar Terpilih di Selangor, Malaysia)

JANANEE A/P BALARAMAN¹, NOORASHIKIN MD SALEH^1,*, MUHAMMAD ZULHAZIMAN MAT SALLEH ¹, FARHANINI YUSOFF² & SALIZA ASMAN³

¹Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia

³Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, UTHM Pagoh Campus, Pagoh Higher Education Hub, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Muar, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia

Received: 12 January 2023/Accepted: 26 April 2023

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates (PAEs) are endocrine disrupting chemicals that are abundantly found in the environment. These chemicals leach from polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins into the environment when exposed to heat. Human exposure to these chemicals causes various health issues; hence, the detection of BPA and PAEs has become more sensitive, and thus it is the most important environmental issue to be reduced due to consequences on human health. This research aimed to determine the optimum parameter of extraction process for BPA and PAEs from water samples by using deep eutectic solvent (DES) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography- ultraviolet spectroscopy (HPLC-UV). Water samples for BPA and PAEs extraction were from various rivers and lakes in Selangor. The solvent used in the DES was a mixture of decanoic acid and tetrabutylammonium iodide. The extraction parameters that have been studied are molar ratio i.e., 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4, extraction time i.e., 10, 15 and 20 min, extraction temperature i.e., 50, 60 and 70 ºC and solvent volume i.e., 3, 6 and 9 mL. The optimum molar ratio of solvent and extraction time were 1:2 and 20 min, respectively. The best extraction temperature and volume of solvent with the highest recovery rate were 70 ºC and 3 mL. Sungai Kuang shows the highest bisphenol-A concentration of 23.9613 µg/L while Sungai Nada has the highest benzyl-butyl phthalates concentration of 73.6834 µg/L. Sungai Damansara shows the highest dibutyl phthalates concentration of 7.3163 µg/L. In conclusion, data obtained in this research will contribute a new knowledge in the Sustainable Development Goals 6, which is clean water and sanitation because the world is progressing to increase access to clean drinking water and sanitation. There are also some other endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) such as disinfection byproducts and pesticides which is more suitable to be extracted from water samples using solid phase microextraction due to low contamination in water. It is very important to research, detect and extract the bisphenol and phthalates from water sources as these pollutants might cause health issues and environmental pollutions which cannot be resolved in future due to its smaller size and its existence in large quantity.

Keywords: Bisphenols; deep eutectic solvent; freshwater; Phthalates

Abstrak

Bisfenol A (BPA) dan phthalat (PAEs) adalah bahan kimia yang mengganggu sistem endokrin yang banyak terdapat di alam sekitar. Bahan kimia ini meresap daripada plastik polikarbonat dan resin epoksi ke dalam persekitaran apabila terdedah kepada haba. Pendedahan manusia kepada bahan kimia ini menyebabkan pelbagai masalah kesihatan; Oleh itu, pengesanan BPA dan PAE telah menjadi lebih sensitif dan merupakan isu alam sekitar yang paling penting untuk dikurangkan kerana kesannya terhadap kesihatan manusia. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan parameter optimum dalam pengekstrakan BPA dan PAE daripada sampel air dengan menggunakan pelarut eutektik (DES) dianalisis dengan kromatografi cecair berprestasi tinggi- spektroskopi ultraungu (HPLC-UV). Sampel air untuk pengekstrakan BPA dan PAE adalah dari pelbagai sungai dan tasik di Selangor. Pelarut yang digunakan dalam DES ialah campuran asid dekanoik dan tetrabutilammonium iodida. Nisbah molar optimum pelarut dan masa pengekstrakan masing-masing ialah 1:2 dan 10 min. Suhu pengekstrakan dan isi padu pelarut terbaik dengan kadar pemulihan tertinggi ialah 50 ºC dan 10 mL. Kepekatan tertinggi BPA dan PAE yang dikesan dalam sampel air ialah 0.0256 mg/L BPA di Sungai Kuang. Kesimpulannya, data yang diperoleh dalam penyelidikan ini akan menyumbang satu pengetahuan baharu dalam Matlamat Pembangunan Lestari 6 (SDG 6) iaitu air bersih dan sanitasi kerana dunia semakin berkembang untuk meningkatkan akses kepada air minuman dan sanitasi bersih.

Kata kunci: Air tawar; bisfenol; phthalat; pelarut eutektik dalam

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^*Corresponding author; email: noorashikin@ukm.edu.my