Sains Malaysiana 37(4): 351-358(2008)

Permodelan dan Analisis Data Penyerapan Logam Berat oleh

Sayuran Berdaun Terpilih

(Modelling and Data Analysis on the Absorption of Heavy
Metals by Selected Vegetables)

 


Ahmad Mahir Razali, Nor Asyikin A.K.

Pusat Pengajian Sains Matematik, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi

Selangor D. E. Malaysia

 

Khairiah Jusoh, Siti Adyani S., Wardatun Aathirah & Maimon Abdullah

Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam

Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D. E. Malaysia

 

Aminah Abdullah

Pusat Pengajian Sains Kimia dan Teknologi MakananFakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D. E. Malaysia

 

 

Diserahkan: 16 Ogos 2007 / Diterima: 12 Februari 2008

 

 

ABSTRAK

 

Kajian yang dijalankan adalah berkaitan dengan penentuan model yang sesuai serta analisis data penyerapan logam berat oleh sayuran berdaun yang terpilih iaitu kangkung (Ipomea aquatica), sawi bunga (Brassica chinensis var parachinensis), bayam (Amaranthus oleraceus L) dan sawi putih (Brassica chinensis L.).  Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan dan membandingkan kandungan serta corak pengambilan logam berat yang diserap oleh sayuran dan juga bahagian-bahagiannya yang meliputi daun, batang dan akar. Penentuan model yang dibuat bertujuan bagi melihat corak penyerapan logam berat oleh sayuran atau bahagian sayuran tertentu. Logam berat yang dikaji  terdiri daripada kadmium , kromium, kuprum, ferum , mangan, plumbum dan zink. Plot serakan digunakan bagi menentukan corak pengambilan logam berat dalam sayuran dan bahagian-bahagiannya. Selain itu ujian Kruskal-Wallis digunakan bagi membuat perbandingan median di antara logam berat yang diserap oleh sayuran yang dikaji. Nilai khi-kuasa dua dan juga nilai-p digunakan bagi menentukan sama ada sesuatu logam berat yang diserap itu berkait rapat dengan jenis sayuran secara signifikan. Secara umum bolehlah dikatakan bahawa logam Fe, Mn dan Zn adalah dominan dalam semua bahagian sayuran yang dikaji. Selain itu, melalui ujian Kruskal-Wallis didapati penyerapan kesemua logam berat pada setiap bahagian sayuran adalah berbeza secara signifikan. Penyuaian model regresi linear, kuadratik, kubik atau eksponen telah dilakukan terhadap data ini dan didapati kebanyakan data dapat disuaikan dengan baik oleh model kuadratik dan kubik berdasarkan nilai pekali penentuan (R2).

Kata kunci: Logam berat; model regresi linear; sayuran dan pencemaran; ujian Kruskal-Wallis

 

ABSTRACT

 

A study on the determination of the suitable model and data analysis on  the absorption of heavy metals by leafy vegetables were carried out on selected vegetable like convolvuluv (Ipoema reptans), mustard  (Brassica chinensis var parachinensis), chinese spinach (Amaranthus oleraceus L.) and chinese white cabbage (Brassica chenensis L.).  The objectives of the study were to determine and compare the concentration and uptake pattern of heavy metals by various parts of  the vegetable including leaf,  stem and root.  The model determination was used to study the distribution patern of heavy metals absorption  by various parts of vegetables. Heavy metals studied were cadmium, chromium, copper, lead iron,  manganese, lead and zinc.  The distribution pattern  was used to determine the uptake of heavy metals by various  parts of  vegetables.  Kruskal-Willis Test was performed to compare the mean of heavy metals absorped by the vegetables. Chi-square statistic and p-value were used to determine the significant of the relation between heavy metals and types of vegetables studied.  In general Fe, Mn and Zn were dominant in all vegetables studied.  Kruskal-Wallis Test showed the significant different of  heavy metals absorbed by various parts of the vegetables. Regression model, quadratic, cubic and exponent model performed indicated that most data suited very well with quadratic and cubic model based on the coefficient of determination (R2) value.

Keywords: Heavy metals; linear regression model; vegetable and pollution; kruskal-wallis test

 

REFERENCES/RUJUKAN 

Akta Makanan 1983 & Peraturan Makanan 1985. Warta Kerajaan Malaysia Jilid 29.Bahemuka, T.E & Mubofu, E. B. 1999. Heavy metals in edible green vegetables grown along the sites of the Sinza and Msimbasi rivers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Food Chemistry 66: 63-66

Buchaver, M.J. 1973.  Contamination soil and vegetation near zinc smelter by zinc, cadmium, copper and lead.  Environ. Science and Technol. 7: 131- 135.Cary, E.E, Alloway, W.H. & Olson, O.E.  1977.  Control of chromium concentration in food plants.  I.  Absorption and translocation of chromium by plants.  J. Agr. Food Chem.  25: 300- 304.

Chambers, B.J., Nicholson, F.A., Soloman, D.R & Unwin, R.J. 1998.  Heavy metal loadings from animal manures to agricultural land in England and Wales.  In: Ramiran 98, Eighth International Conference on Management Strategies for Organic Waste Use in Agriculture, Cemagref Editions, Rennes, pp. 475-483

Davies, B.E. & White, H.M.  1981.  Trace elements in vegetable grown on soils contaminated by base metal mining.  J. of Plant Nutr.  3: 387- 396

Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. 2001. Trace elements in soil and plants. Ed. ke-3. USA: CRC Press

Fjällborg, B.  & Dave, G.  2004.   Toxicity of Sb and Cu in sewage sludge to terrestrial plants(lettuce, oat, raddish) and of sludge elutriate to aquatic organisms (Daphnia dan Lemna) and its interaction.  Water, Air and Soil Pollution 155: 3-20.

Haghiri, F.  1973.  Cadmium uptake by plants.  J. of Environ. Qual. 2: 93-96

Jian, Q., Zi-jian, W., Xiao-quan, S., Qiang, T., Bei, W & Bin C.  1995.  Evaluation of  plant availability of soil trace metals by chemical fractionation and multiple regression analysis.  Env. Pollut.  91: 309- 315.

Kazmier L. J.  2004. Business statistics. Ed ke-4. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc

Khairiah, J., Yu, H.Y, Khairul, N.I., Ang, W. W., Aminah, A., Maimon, A., Zalifah, M. K & Geri, A. K. K.  2002. Bioavailability of chromium in vegetables of selected agricultural areas of Malaysia. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 5(4): 471-473.Khairiah, J., Esther Lew, Maimon, A. & Aminah, A.  2003.  Pengumpulan logm Pb, Cd, Cu dan Zn dalam tembikai dan labu di kawasan pertanian terpilih.  Sains Malaysiana 32(2): 65-75.

Landis, W.G & Ming, H.Y. 1999. Introduction to environmental toxicology impacts of chemical upon ecological systems. CRC Press LLC.

Lee, C.G., Chon, H-T & Jung, M.C. 2001.  Heavy metals contamination in the vicinity of the Daduk Au-Ag-Pb-Zn mine in Korea.  Applied Geochemistry. 16: 1377-1386.

López-Mosquera, M.E., Moirón, C.  & Carral, E.  2000.  Use of dairy-industry sludge for grasslands in northwest Spain: Heavy metal levels in the soil and plants.  Resources, Conservation and Recycling  30: 95-109.

McLaughlin,  M.J, Hamon, R.E, McLaren, R.G, Speir, T.W. &  Rogers S.L. 2000.  Review:  Abioavailability-based rationale for controlling metal and metalloids of agricultural land in Australia and New Zealand. Australian J. Soil Res.  38: 1037-1086

Mendenhall, W. & Sincich,  T., 1993. A second course in statistics: Regression analysis. Ed ke-4. USA: Dellen Publishing Company

Mishra, S., Singh, V., Srisvastava, S., Srisvastava, R., Srivastava, M.M., Dass, S., Satsangi, G.P. & Prakash, S.  1995.  Studies on uptake of trivalent and hexavalent chromium by maize Zea mays.  Food Chem. Toxicol. 33: 393- 397.

Mokhtar, A. 1994. Analisis regresi. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Numberg, H.W.  1984.  The voltametric approach in trace metal chemistry of natural waters and atmosphere precipitation.  Anal. Chimica Acta. 164: 1-21.Omgbu, J.A. & Kokogbo, M.A. 1993.  Determination of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Hg in soils of Ekpan, Nigeria.  Environ. Intern. 19: 611- 612.

Salvatore D. & Reagle,  D. 2002. Statistics and econometrics. Ed ke-2. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

Siti Adyani, S. 2005. Penentuan logam berat semasa tumbesaran bagi Amaranthus hybridus L dan Brassica parachineusis di kawasan pertanian Agrotek Sepang, Selangor. Tesis Sarjana Muda. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Vajpayee, P., Tripathi, R.D., Rai, U.N., Ali, M.B & Singh, S.N.  2000.  Chromium (VI) accumulation reduces chlorophyll biosynthesis, nitrate reductases activity and protein  content in Nymphaea alba L. Chemosphere  41: 1075-1082.Wan Jaafar, W.E. & Jamilah, M. 1992, Statistik perniagaan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Wardatun Aathirah, M.H. 2005. Kajian pengumpulan logam berat dalam perkembangan tumbesaran bayam dan sawi putih di Taman Agroteknologi Sepang, Selangor. Tesis Sarjana Muda. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Yusuf, A.A., Arowolo, T.A. & Bamgbose, O.  2003.  Cadmium, copper and nickel levels in vegetables from industrial and residential areas of Lagos City, Nigeria. Food and Chem Toxicol.  41: 375-378.

Zurera, G., Moreno, R., Salmeron, J. & Pozo, R. 1989. Heavy metal uptake from greenhouse border soils for edible vegetables. J. of the Sci. of Food and Agric. 49: 307-314.

 

 

sebelumnya