Sains Malaysiana 38(3): 353-358(2009)

Ketoksikan Logam Kuprum dan Nikel Terhadap Udang

Air Tawar macrobrachium lanchesteri

(Toxicity of Copper and Nickel to Freshwater Prawn Macrobarchium lanchesteri)

M. Shuhaimi-Othman*, Y. Nadzifah, R. Nur-Amalina & A. Ahmad

Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam

Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan (UKM)

43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 10 Februari 2008 / Diterima: 24 Ogos 2008

ABSTRAK

Macrobrachium lanchesteri dewasa telah didedahkan selama empat hari di dalam makmal kepada satu siri kepekatan logam kuprum (Cu) dan nikel (Ni). Masa kematian median (LT50) dan kepekatan kematian median (LC50) dikira berdasarkan data kematian yang diperolehi. Di akhir hari yang ke-4, udang yang masih hidup digunakan untuk penentuan biopemekatan logam. Nilai LT50 dan LC50 didapati meningkat dengan pengurangan kepekatan dan masa pendedahan bagi kedua-dua logam (Cu dan Ni). Nilai LC50 untuk 24, 48 dan 96 jam bagi Cu masing-masing adalah 261.6, 171.6 dan 32.3 μg/L dan bagi Ni 30786.3, 28534.7 dan 8056.6 μg/L. Biopemekatan logam Cu dan Ni oleh M. lanchesteri meningkat dengan peningkatan kepekatan pendedahan dan logam Cu didapati lebih toksik terhadap M. lanchesteri berbanding logam Ni.

Kata Kunci:  Akut; Biopemekatan; Logam Berat; Macrobrachium Lanchesteri

ABSTRACT

Adult  Macrobrachium lanchesteri were exposed for a four-day period in the laboratory condition to a range of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) concentrations. The mortality was assessed and median lethal times (LT50) and concentrations (LC50) were calculated. At the end of four-day period, the survived prawns were used to determine bioconcentration of the metals. LT50 and LC50 increased with decrease in mean exposure concentrations and times respectively for the two metals (Cu and Ni). LC50s for 24, 48 and 96 hours for Cu were 261.6, 171.6 and mg/L and for Ni 30786.3, 28534.7 and 8056.6 mg/L respectively. Copper and Ni bioconcentration in M. lanchesteri increases with increase in concentration exposure and Cu was more toxic than Ni to M. lanchesteri.

Keywords: Acute; bioconcentration; heavy metal; Macrobrachium lanchesteri 

RUJUKAN 

Bacher, G.J. & O’Brien, T.A. 1990. The sensitivity of Australian aquatic organisms to          heavy metals. SRS 88/018. Environmental Protection Authority, Melbourne,        Australia.

Borgmann, U., Norwood, W.P. & Clarke C. 1993. Accumulation, regulation and toxicity      of copper, zinc, lead and mercury in Hyalella azteca. Hydrobiologia 259: 79-89.

Buikema Jr A.L., Niederlehner B.R. & Cairns Jr J. 1982. Biological Monitoring, part IV toxicity testing. Water Res. 16: 239-262.

Chong, S.M.C. & Khoo, H.W. 1988. The identity of Macrobrachium lanchesteri (De Man, 1911) (Decapoda, Palemonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, and a description of its first zoe. Crustaceana 54: 196-205.

Correa, M. 1987. Physiological effects on metal toxicity on the tropical freshwater  shrimp Macrobrachium carcinus. Environ. Pollut. 45: 149-155.

Cranbrook, E. & Furtado, J.I. 1988. Freshwater. In: Malaysia (ed. Earl of Cranbrook) Oxford Pergamon Press, 225pp.

Hodson, P.V., Dixon, D.G., Spray, D.J., Whittle, D.M. & Sprague, J.B. 1982. Effect of  growth rate and size of fish on rate of intoxication by waterborne lead. Can. J.     Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39: 1243-1251.

Jindal, R. & Verma, A. 1999. Heavy metal toxicity to Daphnia pulex. Ind. J. Environ.          Health 82: 289-292.

Kabila, V., Bhavan, P.S. & Geraldine, P. 1999. The freshwater prawn Macrobrachiummalcolmsonii – An accumulator of nickel? J. Environ. Biol. 20(4): 307-312.

Keller, A.E. & Zam, S.G. 1991. The acute of toxicity of selected metals to the freshwater mussel Anodonta imbecited. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10: 539-546.

Khan, S. & Nugegoda, D. 2007. Sensitivity of juvenile freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor (Decapoda: Parastacidae) to trace metals. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 68:   463-469.

Lombardi, J.V., Machado-Neto, J.G., Brossi-Garcia, A.L., Marques, H.L.A. & Kubo, E. 2000. Acute toxicity of the fungicide copper oxychloride to the fresh waterprawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 65:   383-390.

Lichfield, T.J. 1949. A method for the rapid graphic solution of time-percentage effect         curves. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 97: 399-408.

Lichfield, T.J. & Wilcoxon, F. 1949. A simplified method of evaluating dose-effectexperiments. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 96: 99-113.

Martin, T.R. & Holdich, D.M. 1986. The acute lethal toxicity of heavy metals to       peracarid crustaceans (with particular reference to freshwater asellids and gammarids). Water Res. 20: 1137-1147.

McCahon, C.P. & Pascoe D. 1988. Use of Gamarus pulex (L.) in safety evaluation test:        Culture and selection of a sensitive life stage. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 15: 245  252.

Pascoe, D., Evans, S.A & Woodworth, J. 1986. Heavy metal toxicity to fish and the influence of water hardness. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15: 481-487.

Rainbow, P.S. 1990. Heavy metals in marine invertebrates. In: Heavy metals in the   marine environment (eds. Furness R.W. and Rainbow P.S.) CRC Press, Boca       Raton, FL, pp. 68-75.

Rainbow, P.S. & Dallinger, R. 1993. Metal uptake, regulation and excretion in freshwaterinvertebrates. In: Dallinger, R. and Rainbow, P.S. (Eds.), Ecotoxicology of metals      in invertebrates, Lewish Publishers, 119-131p.

Shazili, N.A.M. & Ali, A.M. 1988. Acute toxicity of heavy metals in the Malaysian giant      prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man). Proc 11^th Annual Seminar of the          Malaysian Soc. Mar. Sci. 11: 133-142.

Shuhaimi-Othman M. & Nurlailawati A.R. 2004. Kajian kandungan logam berat (Cu, Cd,     Zn dan Pb) dalam air, sedimen dan udang air tawar Macrobrachium sp. di Sungai    Langat, Selangor. Malaysian J.  Analyt. Sci. 8 (1): 117-122.

Shuhaimi-Othman, M. & Nor Azwa, M. 2004. Acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of           zinc and lead in freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lanchesteri. Malaysian      J. Sci.   23 (2): 11-18.

Shuhaimi-Othman, M. & Pascoe, D. 2001. Acute toxicity of copper, zinc and cadmium to    the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca. Malaysian Appl. Biol. 30: 1-8.

Shuhaimi-Othman, M. & Pascoe, D. 2002. Reduced recruitment in Hyalella azteca(Saussure, 1858) exposed to copper. Ecotoxicol.  Environ. Saf. 53:  59-64.

Shuhaimi-Othman, M. & Pascoe, D. 2003. Bioconcentration of heavy metals copper,cadmium and zinc in freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca. Malaysian Appl.   Biol. 32 (2): 1-8.

Shuhaimi-Othman, M., Ahmad Abas, Yap, S.S. & Maziati, M. 2006. Bioaccumulation and Elimination of Copper and Lead by Freshwater Prawn       Macrobrachium lanchesteri. J. Biol. Sci. 6(4): 717-722.

Spacie, A. & Hamelink, J.L. 1985. Bioaccumulation. In: Fundamental of Aquatic Toxicology: Methods and Application (eds. Rand, G.M. and Petrocelli, S.R.) Hemisphere, Washington, pp. 495-525.

Stephenson, R.R. 1983. Effects of water hardness, water temperature and size of the testorganism on the susceptibility of the freshwater shrimp, Gammarus pulex (L.) to      toxicants. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31: 459-466.

Suckcharoen, S. 1980. Occurrence of mercury in Macrobrachium lanchesteri (de Man) (Crustacea, Decapoda) in Thailand. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24(4): 511-            514.

Vijayram, K. & Geraldine, P. 1996. Are the heavy metals cadmium and zinc regulated infreshwater prawn? Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 34: 180-183.

Williams, K., Green, D. & Pascoe, D. 1984. Toxicity testing with freshwater  rmacroinvertebrates: Methods and application in environmental management. In:Freshwater Biological Monitoring (eds. Pascoe, D. and Edwards, R.W.) Advances in water pollution control, Pergamon, 167pp.

White, P.J. 1991. Methods for Measuring Changes in Deep-fat Frying Oils. Food Techology 45(2): 75-80.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: shuhaimi@ukm.my